FORMULATION OF SUNFLOWER AND FLAXSEED OIL BLENDS RICH IN OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS

The recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) are aimed at increasing the consumption of foods rich in omega 3 fatty acids. The recommended ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids in diet is 4-10 : 1, which allows muscle building, hormone production, reduces risk of the cardiovascular diseases, reduces blood pressure, triglyceride concentrations, improves brain functions, mood, intelligence etc. However, just some foods (eg. flaxseed oil, fish oils etc.) are rich in these compounds. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of enriching refined sunflower oil (RSO) with omega 3 fatty acids by adding cold pressed flaxseed oil (CPFO). Samples: refined sunflower oil, cold pressed flaxseed oil, their blends in the mass ratio 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70 were analised, and the obtained results were compared with the one comertial vegetable oil blend present on the market of R. Serbia. The content of saturated fatty acids in analysed samples ranged from 9.63 to 10.3 2%, monounsaturated from 17.15 to 30.44 % and polyunsaturated from 59.78 to 73.15 %. The ratio of omega 6 : omega 3 fatty acids found in the samples was between 853 : 1 and 0.33 : 1

Digestibilnost β-laktoglobulina nakon njegovog unakrsnog povezivanja dejstvom lakaze iz Trametes versicolor i polifenola iz jabuke

beta-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is an important nutrient of dairy products and an important allergen in cow's milk allergy. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of laccase to cross-link BLG in the presence of an apple phenolic extract (APE) and to characterize the obtained products for their digestibility by pepsin and pancreatin. The composition of the apple phenolics used for cross-linking was determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The apple phenolic extract contained significant amounts of quercetin glycosides, catechins and chlorogenic acid. The laccase cross-linked BLG in the presence of apple phenolics. The polymerization rendered the protein insoluble in the reaction mixture. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of the cross-linking reaction mixture revealed a heterogeneous mixture of high molecular masses (cross-linked BLG), with a fraction of the BLG remaining monomeric. Enzymatic processing of BLG by laccase and apple polyphenols as mediators can decrease the biphasal pepsin pancreatin digestibility of the monomeric and cross-linked protein, thus decreasing its nutritional value. In addition, reduced BLG digestibility can decrease its allergenic potential. Apple polyphenols can find usage in the creation of new, more functional food products, designed to prevent obesity and hypersensitivity-related disorders.β-Laktoglobulin (BLG) je važan nutrijent mlečnih proizvoda i važan alergen kod alergija na kravlje mleko. Cilj ove studije je bilo ispitivanje potencijala lakaze da unakrsno poveže BLG u prisustvu fenolnog ekstrakta jabuke (APE), kao i karakterizacija dobijenih proizvoda sa aspekta njihove digestibilnosti pepsinom i pankreatinom. Kompozicija fenola jabuke korišćenih za unakrsno povezivanje određena je pomoću LC-ESI-MS. Fenolni ekstrakt jabuke sadrži znatne količine glikozida kvercetina, katehine i hlorogensku kiselinu. BLG je unakrsno povezan lakazom u prisustvu fenola jabuke, pri čemu je polimerizacija učinila BLG nerastvornim u reakcionoj smeši. SDS-PAGE analiza pokazala je da reakciona smeša sadrži heterogenu smešu velikih molekulskih masa (unakrsno povezan BLG), kao i deo zaostalog monomernog BLG. Enzimsko procesovanje BLG lakazom, u prisustvu polifenola jabuke kao medijatora, može smanjiti bifaznu pepsin-pankreatinsku digestibilnost kako monomernog, tako i unakrsno povezanog BLG, i na taj način smanjiti njegovu nutritivnu vrednost. Takođe, smanjena digestibilnost BLG može smanjiti njegov alergeni potencijal. Polifenoli jabuke mogu se koristiti za kreiranje novih, funkcionalnijih prehrambenih proizvoda, dizajniranih za prevenciju kako gojaznosti, tako i bolesti vezanih za preosetljivost

FORMULATION OF SUNFLOWER AND FLAXSEED OIL BLENDS RICH IN OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS

The recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) are aimed at increasing the consumption of foods rich in omega 3 fatty acids. The recommended ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids in diet is 4-10 : 1, which allows muscle building, hormone production, reduces risk of the cardiovascular diseases, reduces blood pressure, triglyceride concentrations, improves brain functions, mood, intelligence etc. However, just some foods (eg. flaxseed oil, fish oils etc.) are rich in these compounds. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of enriching refined sunflower oil (RSO) with omega 3 fatty acids by adding cold pressed flaxseed oil (CPFO). Samples: refined sunflower oil, cold pressed flaxseed oil, their blends in the mass ratio 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70 were analised, and the obtained results were compared with the one comertial vegetable oil blend present on the market of R. Serbia. The content of saturated fatty acids in analysed samples ranged from 9.63 to 10.3 2%, monounsaturated from 17.15 to 30.44 % and polyunsaturated from 59.78 to 73.15 %. The ratio of omega 6 : omega 3 fatty acids found in the samples was between 853 : 1 and 0.33 : 1

Green tea catechins of food, supplements facilitate pepsin digestion of major food allergens, but hampers their digestion if oxidized by phenol oxidase

The in vitro gastric digestion of several food allergens (beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), alpha-lactalbumin (LA) and peanut allergens (PE)) in the presence of a catechin-enriched polyphenol extract of green tea (GTC), oxidized polyphenols and phenol oxidase processed food allergens and GTC was investigated. Pepsin-resistant proteins, such as BLG, major peanut allergens, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, degrade faster in the presence of catechin-enriched green tea polyphenols. Phenol oxidase polymerized GTC affected adversely protein digestion of BLG and LA, but not digestion of PE proteins. Protecting effect of polyphenols correlated well with the ability of proteins to form insoluble complexes with oxidized catechins. Cross-linking of proteins and polyphenols further extended the half-lives of BLG and LA in the in vitro digestion by pepsin. Catechin-enriched green tea polyphenols of food supplements facilitate pepsin digestion of major food allergens, but hamper their digestion if oxidized and polymerized by phenol oxidase. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Large Graphene Quantum Dots Alleviate Immune-Mediated Liver Damage

We investigated the effect of large (40 nm) graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in concanavalin A (Con A; 12 mg/kg i.v.)-induced mouse hepatitis, a T cell-mediated liver injury resembling fulminant hepatitis in humans. Intravenously injected GQDs (50 mg/kg) accumulated in liver and reduced Con A-mediated liver damage, as demonstrated by histopathological analysis and a decrease in liver lipid peroxidation and serum levels of liver transaminases. The cleavage of apoptotic markers caspase-3/PARP and mRNA levels of proapoptotic mediators Puma, Noxa, Bax, Bak1, Bim, Apaf1, and p21, as well as LC3-I conversion to autophagosome-associated LC3-II and expression of autophagy-related (Atg) genes Atg4b, Atg7, Atg12, and beclin-1, were attenuated by GQDs, indicating a decrease in both apoptosis and autophagy in the liver tissue. This was associated with the reduced liver infiltration of immune cells, particularly the T cells producing proinflammatory cytokine IFN-?, and a decrease in IFN-gamma serum levels. In the spleen of GQD-exposed mice, mRNA expression of IFN-? and its transcription factor T-bet was reduced, while that of the IL-33 ligand ST2 was increased. The hepatoprotective effect of GQDs was less pronounced in ST2-deficient mice, indicating that it might depend on ST2 upregulation. In vitro, GQDs inhibited splenocyte IFN-gamma production, reduced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in macrophage and T cell lines, inhibited macrophage production of the free radical nitric oxide, and reduced its cytotoxicity toward hepatocyte cell line HepG2. Therefore, GQDs alleviate immune-mediated fulminant hepatitis by interfering with T cell and macrophage activation and possibly by exerting a direct hepatoprotective effect

Graphene Quantum Dots Attenuate Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis

50th International Liver Congress of the European-Association-for-the-Study-of-the-Liver, Apr 22-26, 2015, Vienna, Austri