163 research outputs found

    Pneumatic transportation of dispersed medium through a vertical tube immersed into a fluidized bed

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    We discuss the technical problem of how to transport granular material in a vertical direction from the underlying section of a multistage apparatus containing a fluidized bed to an upper section through tubes immersed into the fluidized bed without additional expenditures of energy. The intensity with which the dispersed medium (a mixture of gas and fuel particles) moves through the tube and the mass flowrate of particles are determined by the ratio between the hydraulic resistances of dispersed medium inside the tube and of the fluidized bed outside of it. In turn, this ratio depends on the fluidization number W (W = w s/w 0, where w s is the seepage velocity and w 0 is the fluidization commencement velocity) and on the tube immersing depth into the bed. Β© 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Inc

    N-CYCLOAMINO-SUBSTITUTED POLYFLUORINATED SALICYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

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    Determination of the dimensions of the heat-affected zone in welding gas pipeline components

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    Analytical decisions supported by experimental data were used to determine the dependences for calculating the size of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in multilayer welding of circumferential joints in transmission gas pipelines. Data on the dimensions of this zone are essential for evaluating the possibility of applying cold cutting in the rejection of elements of gas pipelines because of defects in circumferential welded joints or welded joints in transition rings in the vicinity of circumferential welded joints. Β© 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

    ΠžΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ синтСза слоТных эфиров пСнтаэритрита ΠΈ алифатичСских ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… кислот ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ строСния

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    Objectives. Due to their structures, pentaerythritol esters have a number of appealing properties such as high viscosity index when used as oils and excellent compatibility with polyvinyl chloride when used as plasticizers. For the production of pentaerythritol and carboxylic acids, natural gas can be used as a feedstock, which implies a strategic development of the petrochemical industry, a decrease in the amount of gas used for combustion, and its applications for the production of chemical products.Methods. The synthesis process was conducted in a self-catalysis mode with excess acids in a molar ratio of 8:1 and in the presence of a solvent (toluene) of ~30% per reaction mass. This ensures a uniform distillation of the reaction water at a constant temperature of 100–110 Β°C, a decrease in the side reaction products, and an increase in process selectivity. The products from the reaction mass were isolated by vacuum distillation, and identification of all the synthesized tetraesters was performed by chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis.Results. This work proposes options for optimizing the conditions of the thermal esterification of pentaerythritol with isomeric monocarboxylic acids (isobutyric, isovaleric, pivalic, and 2-ethylhexanoic acids) that have different reactivities due to their structures. Methods for isolating tetraesters of pentaerythritol and corresponding acids have been developed. The characteristics of the main series of ions of tetraesters of pentaerythritol and aliphatic isomeric acids C4–C8 in the mass spectra were obtained.Conclusions. The yields of tetraesters were at 95%–96% of the theoretical value, and product purity was >99.6%. The resulting target products (tetraesters) were characterized by relative color stability, where the maximum degree of color after cleaning was less than 20 units according to Hazen (180 units for tetra-2-ethylhexnoate), which corresponds to the standards in GOST 29131-91 (ISO 2211-73). The esterification rates were compared, and it was shown that the quantitative yields of isomeric tetraesters at 100–110 Β°C were achieved in 12–15 h for isobutyric and isovaleric acids, 25–27 h for 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, and ~40 h for pivalic acid. Β Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ эфиры пСнтаэритрита Π·Π° счСт своСй структуры ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ рядом ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… свойств: высоким индСксом вязкости ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… использовании Π² качСствС масСл ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ с ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ (ΠŸΠ’Π₯) ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… использовании Π² качСствС пластификаторов. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом исходным ΡΡ‹Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅ΠΌ для производства ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ пСнтаэритрита, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… кислот ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡΠ»ΡƒΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния сниТСния объСмов Π³Π°Π·Π°, направляСмого Π½Π° сТиганиС, ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ использованиС Π² производствС химичСской ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. ЦСль Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ – Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² синтСза тСтраэфиров пСнтаэритрита ΠΈ алифатичСских ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… кислот Π‘4–Б8.ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ самокатализа ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅ кислоты Π² мольном ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 8:1, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² присутствии растворитСля (Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΎΠ»Π°) ~30% Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡƒΡŽ массу, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π³ΠΎΠ½ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ постоянной Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ 100–110 Β°Π‘, ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ сСлСктивности процСсса. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ массы выдСляли ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΊΡƒΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π˜Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ всСх синтСзированных тСтраэфиров ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ с использованиСм хроматомасс-спСктромСтричСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ условий тСрмичСской этСрификации пСнтаэритрита ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ кислотами (изомасляной, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ, 2-этилгСксановой), ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° счСт своСй структуры Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ. Π Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ выдСлСния тСтраэфиров пСнтаэритрита ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… кислот. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ характСристики основных сСрий ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² тСтраэфиров пСнтаэритрита ΠΈ алифатичСских ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… кислот Π‘4–Б8 Π² масс-спСктрах.Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. Π’ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… условиях провСдСния процСсса Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ тСтраэфиров составил 95–96% ΠΎΡ‚ тСорСтичСского с чистотой Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 99.6%. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ (тСтраэфиры) Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ: максимальная ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ послС очистки составляСт Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 20 Π΅Π΄. ΠΏΠΎ Π₯Π°Π·Π΅Π½Ρƒ (для Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°-2-этилгСксаноата – 180), Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ соотвСтствуСт Π“ΠžΠ‘Π’ 29131-91 (ИБО 2211-73). ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… тСтраэфиров ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ 100–110 Β°Π‘ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ: Π·Π° 12–15 Ρ‡ для изомасляной ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ кислоты, 25–27 Ρ‡ для 2-этил-гСксановой ΠΈ ~40 Ρ‡ для ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ кислоты

    ИсслСдованиС пространствСнной гСтСрогСнности ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… взаимосвязСй Π² процСссах привлСчСния банковского ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π° Π² Ρ€ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ экономику

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    Increased spatial heterogeneity in recent years in the processes of attracting banking capital to the Russian economy negatively affects the pace of socio-economic development of regions. The purpose of the research is to assess the dynamics of changes in spatial heterogeneity in the processes of attracting banking capital in the Russian economy and to model the system of interregional relationships in these processes. Scientific novelty of research is the development of a methodological approach involving the systematic use of methods such as: spatial autocorrelation analysis according to the methodology of P. Moran and L. Anselin, regression analysis using panel data, testing cause-and- effect relationships using the Granger method, formation of a matrix of functional dependencies between regional systems. The developed methodological approach allowed to confirm the trend of increasing spatial heterogeneity in the processes of attraction of banking capital in the Russian economy, to identify regional centers with a high level of concentration and formation a matrix of interregional relationships. It is shown that almost all Russian banking capital is now concentrated in Moscow, St. Petersburg and the Kostroma region. The inflow of bank capital into the economy of these regions leads to its outflow from regions with inverse relationships (negative index of spatial autocorrelation). The results of the research can be used by the executive authorities of the federal and regional levels to find mechanisms to attract banking capital in the economy of regions. One such mechanism could be a reduction in the key rate of the Bank of Russia and State support for regional banks that use low interest rates for lending to households and enterprises in the real sector of the economy.Усилившаяся Π² послСдниС Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ пространствСнная Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² процСссах привлСчСния банковского ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π° Π² Ρ€ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ экономику Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ влияСт Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΡ‹ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-экономичСского развития Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². ЦСль Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ – ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ измСнСния пространствСнной гСтСрогСнности Π² процСссах привлСчСния банковского ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π° Π² Ρ€ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ экономику ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ систСмы ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… взаимосвязСй Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… процСссах. Научная Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π° исслСдования состоит Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ мСтодичСского ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ систСмноС использованиС Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ: пространствСнный автокоррСляционный Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ П. ΠœΠΎΡ€Π°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π›. АнсСлина, рСгрСссионный Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· с использованиСм ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, тСстированиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-слСдствСнных взаимосвязСй ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π“Ρ€Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€Π°, Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… зависимостСй ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ систСмами. Π Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ мСтодичСский ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡƒΡŽ сСгодня Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ усилСния пространствСнной гСтСрогСнности Π² процСссах привлСчСния банковского ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π° Π² Ρ€ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ экономику, Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹ с высоким ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… взаимосвязСй. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ практичСски вСсь российский банковский ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π» сСгодня концСнтрируСтся Π² МосквС, Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ‚-ΠŸΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠšΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ области. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ Π² экономику этих Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² банковского ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΡƒ ΠΈΠ· Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ взаимосвязями (ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ индСксом пространствСнной автокоррСляции). Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдования ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ власти Ρ„Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ для поиска ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² привлСчСния банковского ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π° Π² экономику Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². Одним ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ сниТСниС ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ставки Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° России ΠΈ государствСнная ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ° Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ставки для крСдитования Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠ½ΠΈΡ… хозяйств ΠΈ прСдприятий Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сСктора

    Approaches to Pharmaceutical Analysis of Modern Peptide and Oligonucleotide Products as Illustrated by a Small Interfering RNA-Based Novel Therapeutic for the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma

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    Methods used to control the quality of peptide products depend on the level of development of analytical and bioorganic chemistry, and the level of instrumentation. Peptide identification is a difficult task and largely depends on the complexity of its structure. There does not exist a comprehensive and simple test, except for NMR, which, however, is rather expensive and time-consuming and involves complex data interpretations. Moreover, it does not allow for unambiguous determination of the peptide purity and formula (amino acid composition, sequence, chirality of amino acid residues). For this reason, a combination of methods is often used, including amino acid analysis, TLC/HPLC and mass spectrometry, and, less frequently, sequencing. Current international practice of peptide analysis is to use HPLC in combination with mass spectrometric, mainly tandem (HPLC-MS/MS), detection. According to literature sources the amino acid sequence of linear peptides can be analysed using various enzymes and subsequent identification of proteolysis products by mass spectrometry. This article presents approaches to the development of test methods for analysis of purity and identification testing of a small interfering RNA-based novel medicinal product, which will help standardise and control the quality of the production process

    Comparative study of perindopril and perindopril metabolite pharmacokinetics using the HPLC/MS method

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    Perindopril is a prodrug which is converted to an active metabolite perindoprilat in the human organism. The present study led to the development of a fast and easily reproducible procedure for simultaneous detection of perinoprilat and its metabolite in plasma using HPLC with mass-spectrometric detector (LC-MS). Detection of the target substance was performed using atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization (API-ES) techniques in negative polarity in two modes: SIM1, ion, m/z=368,10 for perindopril and SIM2, ion, m/z=339,30 for perindoprilat. Retention time of perindopril was about 2,4 min, for perindoprilat - about 1,4 min. Sample processing was performed using solid-phase extraction. The method’s limit of quantification was equal to 1 ng/ml for perindopril and 1 ng/ml for perindoprilat. The developed procedure was used to analyse pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of medicines containing 8 mg of perindopril. Values of all calculated pharmacokinetic parameters had no statistically meaningful differences. Confidence intervals obtained fall within bioequivalence criterion (80-125% for AUC and 75-133% for Π‘max ΠΈ Cmax/AUC). The medicines under analysis were found to be bioequivalent
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