13 research outputs found

    Post-Rio Treaties: Implementation Challenges

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    Chronic Methamphetamine Administration Causes Differential Regulation of Transcription Factors in the Rat Midbrain

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    Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive and neurotoxic psychostimulant widely abused in the USA and throughout the world. When administered in large doses, METH can cause depletion of striatal dopamine terminals, with preservation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Because alterations in the expression of transcription factors that regulate the development of dopaminergic neurons might be involved in protecting these neurons after toxic insults, we tested the possibility that their expression might be affected by toxic doses of METH in the adult brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with saline or increasing doses of METH were challenged with toxic doses of the drug and euthanized two weeks later. Animals that received toxic METH challenges showed decreases in dopamine levels and reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase protein concentration in the striatum. METH pretreatment protected against loss of striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase. In contrast, METH challenges caused decreases in dopamine transporters in both saline- and METH-pretreated animals. Interestingly, METH challenges elicited increases in dopamine transporter mRNA levels in the midbrain in the presence but not in the absence of METH pretreatment. Moreover, toxic METH doses caused decreases in the expression of the dopamine developmental factors, Shh, Lmx1b, and Nurr1, but not in the levels of Otx2 and Pitx3, in saline-pretreated rats. METH pretreatment followed by METH challenges also decreased Nurr1 but increased Otx2 and Pitx3 expression in the midbrain. These findings suggest that, in adult animals, toxic doses of METH can differentially influence the expression of transcription factors involved in the developmental regulation of dopamine neurons. The combined increases in Otx2 and Pitx3 expression after METH preconditioning might represent, in part, some of the mechanisms that served to protect against METH-induced striatal dopamine depletion observed after METH preconditioning

    Methamphetamine Preconditioning Alters Midbrain Transcriptional Responses to Methamphetamine-Induced Injury in the Rat Striatum

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    Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit drug which is neurotoxic to the mammalian brain. Numerous studies have revealed significant decreases in dopamine and serotonin levels in the brains of animals exposed to moderate-to-large METH doses given within short intervals of time. In contrast, repeated injections of small nontoxic doses of the drug followed by a challenge with toxic METH doses afford significant protection against monoamine depletion. The present study was undertaken to test the possibility that repeated injections of the drug might be accompanied by transcriptional changes involved in rendering the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system refractory to METH toxicity. Our results confirm that METH preconditioning can provide significant protection against METH-induced striatal dopamine depletion. In addition, the presence and absence of METH preconditioning were associated with substantial differences in the identity of the genes whose expression was affected by a toxic METH challenge. Quantitative PCR confirmed METH-induced changes in genes of interest and identified additional genes that were differentially impacted by the toxic METH challenge in the presence of METH preconditioning. These genes include small heat shock 27 kD 27 protein 2 (HspB2), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), c-fos, and some encoding antioxidant proteins including CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1, and heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox-1). These observations are consistent, in part, with the transcriptional alterations reported in models of lethal ischemic injuries which are preceded by ischemic or pharmacological preconditioning. Our findings suggest that multiple molecular pathways might work in tandem to protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway against the deleterious effects of the toxic psychostimulant. Further analysis of the molecular and cellular pathways regulated by these genes should help to provide some insight into the neuroadaptive potentials of the brain when repeatedly exposed to drugs of abuse

    Transcriptional and Epigenetic Substrates of Methamphetamine Addiction and Withdrawal: Evidence from a Long-Access Self-Administration Model in the Rat

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    Рецензия на монографию: Андреева П.Н. Право личности на инсоляцию / под ред. О.А. Ястребова. Москва: Норма, 2022

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    The review of the monograph “The right of the individual to insolation” assesses the content of the work based on Russian and foreign legislation, judicial practice, and doctrinal research. The contribution of the author to the modern theory of law is analyzed. The article contains proposals on research issues and critical remarks.В рецензии на монографию «Право личности на инсоляцию» дана оценка содержания работы, выполненной на основе российского и зарубежного законодательства, судебной практики, а также доктринальных исследований. Анализируется вклад автора в современную теорию права. Статья содержит предложения по проблематике исследования и критические замечания

    Российская Арктика: экологические вызовы и правовые ответы

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    The article analyzes the environmental legislative acts as applied to the unique Arctic ecosystem. The authors make a conclusion that the legislation may be assessed as fragmentary with certain gaps and deficiencies, including those connected with the response to the global climate change. It is substantiated that the integrity of the Arctic ecosystem, its fragile nature and a perspective of a growing economic use of its natural resources make it reasonable to prepare and adopt a comprehensive legislative act on environmental protection in the Arctic Zone of the RF that would cover the issues of emission limitations, best available techniques, response actions to oil spills, biodiversity conservation, removal of stocked environmental damage, comprehensive management of the coastal zone, and adaptation measures to climate changeВ статье представлен анализ экологического законодательства применительно к уникальной экосистеме Арктики. Авторы приходят к выводу, что законодательство носит фрагментарный характер с пробелами и недостатками, включая, в частности, отсутствие правового регулирования в области изменений климата. В статье обосновано, что целостность экосистемы Арктики, ее природная уязвимость, а также перспективы растущего экономического освоения природных ресурсов определяют необходимость подготовки и принятия комплексного законодательного акта об охране окружающей среды Арктической зоны Российской Федерации, в содержание которого войдут вопросы нормирования воздействий, внедрения наилучших доступных технологий, предупреждения и устранения последствий разливов нефти, сохранения биологического разнообразия, ликвидации накопленного вреда окружающей среде, комплексного управления береговой зоной и меры адаптации к изменениям климат

    Российская Арктика: экологические вызовы и правовые ответы

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    The article analyzes the environmental legislative acts as applied to the unique Arctic ecosystem. The authors make a conclusion that the legislation may be assessed as fragmentary with certain gaps and deficiencies, including those connected with the response to the global climate change. It is substantiated that the integrity of the Arctic ecosystem, its fragile nature and a perspective of a growing economic use of its natural resources make it reasonable to prepare and adopt a comprehensive legislative act on environmental protection in the Arctic Zone of the RF that would cover the issues of emission limitations, best available techniques, response actions to oil spills, biodiversity conservation, removal of stocked environmental damage, comprehensive management of the coastal zone, and adaptation measures to climate changeВ статье представлен анализ экологического законодательства применительно к уникальной экосистеме Арктики. Авторы приходят к выводу, что законодательство носит фрагментарный характер с пробелами и недостатками, включая, в частности, отсутствие правового регулирования в области изменений климата. В статье обосновано, что целостность экосистемы Арктики, ее природная уязвимость, а также перспективы растущего экономического освоения природных ресурсов определяют необходимость подготовки и принятия комплексного законодательного акта об охране окружающей среды Арктической зоны Российской Федерации, в содержание которого войдут вопросы нормирования воздействий, внедрения наилучших доступных технологий, предупреждения и устранения последствий разливов нефти, сохранения биологического разнообразия, ликвидации накопленного вреда окружающей среде, комплексного управления береговой зоной и меры адаптации к изменениям климат

    Стратегические инструменты регулирования в экологическом праве России

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    At the moment, there are new types of legal acts emerging in environmental law of Russia. Despite the vague legal nature of the strategic documents, they are gaining relevance in regulating environmental relationship though the regulation by strategic documents has become an uncontrolled and unpredictable process. This article reviews strategic and political documents addressing protection of the environment, environmental security and nature use. It points out the necessity to find their place within the system of environment-related legal acts to build a clear hierarchy in the system, to raise the efficiency of laws and to create a functional enforcement mechanism. The authors suggest two options: to adopt a separate legislative act on the national environmental policy or to introduce a separate chapter into the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, or alternatively, to carry out codification of the adopted strategic instrumentsЭкологическое право России сталкивается с появлением новых видов правовых актов. Несмотря на неопределенную юридическую природу стратегических документов, они начинают играть все большую роль в регулировании экологических отношений, хотя регулирование стратегическими документами приобрело характер неконтролируемого и непредсказуемого процесса. В этой статье рассматриваются стратегические и политические документы, касающиеся защиты окружающей среды, экологической безопасности и природопользования. Это указывает на необходимость найти свое место в системе экологических правовых актов с целью установить четкую иерархию в системе, повысить эффективность законов и создать работающий механизм реализации. Предложены две альтернативы – принять отдельный законодательный акт о национальной экологической политике или включить отдельную главу в Федеральный закон «Об охране окружающей среды» либо, в качестве альтернативы, выполнить кодификацию принятых стратегических инструменто
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