The APS optics topography station

An in-house station for topographic testing of x-ray optical elements for the Advanced Photon Source experimental beamlines was set up by the Experimental Facilities Division of Argonne National Laboratory. A new double-crystal x-ray diffractometer was designed and built keeping in mind the need for testing large crystals possibly attached to cooling manifolds and lines. A short description of the new facility is given. The instrument performance fully satisfies imposed requirements, and the machine was successfully used for testing several silicon and diamond crystals

Investigation of pin-post monochromators for a wiggler beamline

Three water-cooled pin-post monochromators, to be used on a wiggler beamline at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), were built with the heat exchanger engineered to provide very high heat transfer. The geometry of the heat exchanger as well as calculated data on the heat transfer will be presented. Before using the monochromators on the beamline, they were checked by x-ray diffraction topography. Reflections (333) and (220) in Bragg case were utilized. In all crystals, similar patterns of strain in the diffracting silicon layers were revealed, which can be attributed to the geometry of the heat exchangers, the bonding technology, and the thickness of the top layer. Conclusions about construction of future pin-post monochromators have been drawn

Developments in synthesis, characterization, and application of large, high-quality CVD single crystal diamond

Single crystal diamond synthesis by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition at rapid growth rate has considerably advanced in the past few years. Developments have been made in growth, optical quality, and mechanical properties. Of the various types of single crystal diamond that can be produced using these techniques, high quality single crystal CVD diamond can be routinely produced, and this material is playing an increasing role in research on materials under extreme conditions. This article highlights recent developments in single crystal CVD diamond synthesis and characterization, as well as various applications in high-pressure materials research.За останні кілька роки синтез монокристалів алмазу мікрохвильовим плазмовим хімічним осадженням з газової фази з високою швидкістю значно просунувся. Прогрес було досягнуто у рості, оптичних і механічних властивостях. З різних типів монокристалічного алмазу, що можна отримати з використанням цього методу, регулярно виробляють високоякісні монокристалічні CVD-алмази, і цей матеріал відіграє все більш важливу роль при дослідженні матеріалів в екстремальних умовах. У даній роботі висвітлено останні досягнення в синтезі монокристалічного CVD-алмазу і дослідженні його характеристик, а також його різне застосування у дослідженні матеріалів при високому тиску.За последние несколько лет синтез монокристаллов алмаза микроволновым плазменным химическим осаждением из газовой фазы с высокой скоростью значительно продвинулся. Прогресс был достигнут в росте, оптических и механических свойствах. Из различных типов монокристаллического алмаза, которые могут быть получены с использованием этого метода, регулярно производят высококачественные монокристаллы CVD-алмаза, и этот материал играет все более важную роль в исследовании материалов в экстремальных условиях. В этой работе осветлены последние разработки в синтезе монокристаллов CVD-алмаза и исследовании его характерист

Laterally graded multilayer double-monochromator.

The authors describe a tunable multilayer monochromator with an adjustable bandpass to be used for reflectivity and grazing incidence diffraction studies on surfaces at energies near 10 keV. Multilayers have a bandpass typically 100 times larger than the Si(111) reflection, and by using multilayers an experimenter can significantly increase data collection rates over those available with a Si monochromator. The transmission through 1 and 2 laterally graded multilayer (LGML) reflections was recorded versus photon energy. The identical LGMLs were comprised of 60 bilayers of W and C on 100 x 25 x 3 mm float glass with a bilayer spacing varying from 35 to 60 {angstrom}. The average gradient was 0.27 {angstrom}/mm along the long dimension. The rms deviation of the data for the bilayer spacing from a linear fit was 0.36 {angstrom}. Data were obtained for a nondispersive ({+-}) double-multilayer arrangement. The relative bandpass width (FWHM) when the two multilayers exposed the same bilayer spacing was measured to be 2.2% with a transmission of 78.7 {+-} 1.6%. This value is consistent with the transmission of 88.9% that they also measured for a single LGML at HASYLAB beamline D4. The bandpass was tunable in the range 1.1% to 2.2%

Progress in silicon-to-silicon direct bonding and its application to synchrotron x-ray optics

X-ray optical elements (such as single-crystal silicon monochromators) illuminated with high-power synchrotron-radiation beams produced by insertion devices and, to a lesser extent bending magnets, require cooling, When operating a silicon crystal at room temperature, channels for the coolant are often fabricated directly beneath the diffracting surface. Then a separate silicon distribution manifold/plenum is manufactured, and the components are bonded together using an adhesive or some intermediate material. In many cases, such monochromators suffer from strains induced by the bond. A silicon-to-silicon direct-bonding technique (i.e., without any intermediate material) has been developed that appears to be an attractive method for creating a bond with less strain between two pieces of silicon. This technique is well understood for the case of thin wafers ({approximately}0.5 mm thickness) and is used by the semiconductor industry. Recently, bonding of 16-mm-thick 10-cm-diameter silicon crystals has been successfully performed inducing very little strain. A short review of the silicon-to-silicon crystals has been successfully performed inducing very little strain. A short review of the silicon-to-silicon direct-bonding process will be presented with an emphasis on its application to room temperature high-heat-load x-ray optics with the present status of direct bonding efforts at the APS

Design of a miniature hydraulic compression load frame for microdiffraction tests at the Advanced Photon Source.

In support of the x-ray synchrotrons radiation multidiffraction project of Los Alamos National Laboratory at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), we have designed and fabricated a miniature hydraulic compression load frame with 20000 N load capacity for metal specimen tests at the APS. The compact design allows the load frame to sit on the center of a 6-circle goniometer with six degrees of freedom and maximum solid angle accessibility for the incoming x-ray beam and diffraction beam detectors. A set of compact precision stages with submicron resolution has been designed for the load frame positioning to compensate the sample internal elastic and/or plastic deformation during the loading process. The system design, specifications, and test results are presented

Test results of a diamond double-crystal monochromator at the advanced photon source

We have tested the first diamond double-crystal monochromator at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The monochromator consisted of two synthetic type lb (111) diamond plates in symmetric Bragg geometry. We tested two pairs of single-crystal plates: the first pair was 6 mm by 5 mm by 0.25 mm and 6 mm by 5 mm by 0.37 mm; the second set was 7 mm by 5.5 mm by 0.44 mm. The monochromator first crystal was indirectly cooled by edge contact with a water-cooled copper holder. We studied the performance of the monochromator under the high-power x-ray beam delivered by the APS undulator A. We found no indication of thermal distortions or strains even at the highest incident power (280 watts) and power density (123 W/mm{sup 2} at normal incidence). The calculated maximum power and power density absorbed by the first crystal were 37 watts and 16 W/mm{sup 2} respectively. We also compared the maximum intensity delivered by the diamond monochromator and by a silicon (111) cryogenically cooled monochromator. For energies in the range of 6 to 10 keV, the flux through the diamond monochromator was about a factor of two less than through the silicon monochromator, in good agreement with calculations. We conclude that water-cooled diamond monochromators can handle the high-power beams from the undulator beams from the undulator beamlines at the APS. As single-crystal diamond plates of larger size and better quality become available, the use of diamond monochromators will become a very attractive option

High resolution tomography with chemical specificity

A very fast method of computerized critical absorption tomography featuring approx.10 ..mu..m spatial resolution and high chemical sensitivity is described. Synchrotron radiation is used and the method is especially suited to investigating small samples. From a preliminary experiment it is found that layers of neighboring elements only 0.2 ..mu..m thick can be distinguished at medium atomic numbers