EXTERNALIZATION OF EU MIGRATION POLICY AS A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF SOLIDARITY

Статья посвящена исследованию процесса экстернализации миграционной политики ЕС. Утверждается, что кризис беженцев 2015 года ещё более чётко обозначил перед государствами Евросоюза необходимость развития внешнего измерения управления миграционными процессами. Анализируется проблема секьюритизации миграции как одна из причин провала коллективных действий стран-членов ЕС в сфере миграционного регулирования. Процесс интеграции миграционной политики ЕС во внешнеполитическую деятельность объединения рассматривается как попытка преодоления кризиса солидарности. Исследуется взаимосвязь между миграцией и безопасностью как ключевой элемент в понимании процесса экстернализации.The article is focused on the process of externalization of EU migration policy. It argues that the 2015 refugee crisis clearly demonstrated the necessity to develop an external dimension of EU migration management. The securitization of migration is analysed as one of the reasons of the collective action failure among EU Member States in the field of migration. Thus, the transfer of migration policy into the external dimension of the EU is seen as an attempt to overcome the crisis of solidarity. The relationship between migration and security is explored as a key element for understanding the process of externalization

REALIZATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF FORCED MIGRANTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: MODERN EXPERIENCE OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC AND THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN

INTRODUCTION. Forced migration is one of the most difficult global problems. There is a clear interdependence between the problem of refugees and the issue of human rights, since human rights violations are one of the main reasons for the mass exodus of people from their countries of origin. It is also clear that counties that provide asylum have a sustainable practice of respecting the human dignity. Forced migrants have rights that must be respected during all stages of the exodus. We are talking about the fundamental rights and freedoms proclaimed in international and regional human rights treaties, primarily the protection of human dignity and the restoration of the minimum rights of people who left their countries of origin. This article discusses the problems of realization of the minimum rights of forced migrants, that is, those rights that guarantee survival and an adequate standard of living. The authors conduct a detailed study of national legislation in the field of forced migration of such European countries as Italy and Spain. In particular, this article analyzes recent legislative changes adopted in this countries in the field of asylum and the consequences for the realization of fundamental rights of refugees and asylum seekers.MATERIALS AND METHODS. This research is based on the analysis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, European Social Charter of 1961, European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights of 2000, UNHCR standards for receiving asylum seekers, and also an in-depth analysis of the national legislation of Italy and Spain in the field of forced migration. The methodological basis of the research consists of both general scientific (comparative historical and statistical methods, methods of generalization and systems analysis, case-study approach) and specific scientific (formal legal and comparative legal methods, method of interpretation of legal norms) research methods.RESULTS OF RESEARCH. On the basis of the analysis of international treaties, European and national legislation, judicial practice of states, as well as doctrinal studies of different researches, the authors formulate some conclusions related to the main problems of legislative regulation and the implementation of minimum rights of forced migrants in such EU member states as Italy and Spain.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Despite the existence of international and, in particular, European standards in the field of human rights, practically those rights that are necessary for survival and maintenance of an adequate standard of living of people who have applied for asylum are not always fully respected. The experience of the Italian Republic and the Kingdom of Spain shows that fundamental rights of refugees can be often violated both during the examination of asylum applications and after their satisfaction. The absence of a unified legislative base, the tendency to pursue a more restrictive policy in the field of forced migration and unresolved problems of asylum legislation entail significant impediments for the realization in these countries of the basic rights of one of the most vulnerable category of people as forced migrants

Subsidiary and Humanitarian Protection of Forced Immigrants in Italy

Рукопись поступила в редакцию 15 мая 2018 г.Кризис Дублинской системы показал, что, несмотря на единые общеевропейские стандарты, миграционная политика зачастую выстраивается государствами-участниками самостоятельно. В статье рассматривается современный опыт Итальянской Республики в сфере предоставления международной и гуманитарной защиты в условиях массового наплыва мигрантов. Анализируется итальянское законодательство, направленное на реализацию права на убежище в соответствии с международными и региональными стандартами прав человека. Дается толкование существующих на территории Италии видов защиты вынужденных мигрантов. Особое внимание уделяется анализу оснований предоставления статуса бенефициара субсидиарной защиты, а также подробно исследуются причины оказания гуманитарной защиты в случае отказа в статусе международной защиты. Делается вывод о возрастающем значении защиты прав человека во внешней политике государства.Crisis in the Dublin System has shown that despite common European standards, migration policy is often built by the participating States on their own. The article deals with the modern experience of the Italian Republic in the sphere of providing international and humanitarian protection in the conditions of mass migratory flows. The author analyzes Italian legislation aimed at implementing the right to asylum in accordance with international and regional human rights standards. Commentary on the possible types of protection of forced migrants in the territory of the Italian Republic is given. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the grounds for granting the subsidiary protection status, as well as to the reasons for providing humanitarian protection in case of rejection of the international protection status. The conclusion is made about the growing importance of human rights protection in the Italian foreign policy

Italian Regions’ Contemporary International Activity: Legal Aspect

Анализируется влияние конституционной реформы 2001 г. на международную деятельность регионов Итальянской Республики, рассматриваются правовые и институциональные инструменты трансграничного сотрудничества в Европе. Исследование опирается на изучение конституционного законодательства, статутов (уставов) и законов Тосканы, Сицилии, Эмилии-Романьи, Ломбардии, других нормативно-правовых актов общеевропейского характера. Проведенный анализ позволил сделать вывод о том, что деволюция наделила территориальное устройство Италии федеративными чертами, а расширение полномочий в международной сфере приблизило итальянские регионы к статусу субъектов федерации в федеративном государстве. При этом передача регионам полномочий в сфере международных отношений не смогла подорвать единство и суверенитет Итальянской Республики. Адекватное распределение компетенций во внешней политике привело к преодолению противоречий между центром и регионами и позволило совместить национальные и региональные интересы.Analyzing the influence of the 2001 constitutional reform upon the international activity of the Italian Republic’s regions, the article deals with legal and institutional instruments of transboundary cooperation in Europe. The research is based upon the analysis of constitutional legislation, statutes and laws of Tuscany, Sicily, Emilia-Romagna, and Lombardy and other regions, all-European normative legal documents, Russian and Italian researchers’ works on the legal regulation of regional administration. The analysis draws a conclusion that devolution made the Italian government system quasi-federative, increasing the powers of Italian regions in international affairs entitling each of them to rights similar to those of a component state in a federation. However, regional governments being granted powers on the international arena did not undermine the integrity and sovereignty of the Italian Republic. The adequate distribution of foreign policy competences brought together national and regional interests and thus reduced the contradictions between the centre and the regions