4 research outputs found

    "Vilka effekter har införandet av IFRS 3 fÄtt pÄ redovisningen vid företagsförvÀrv?"

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    Syftet med examensarbetet Ă€r att undersöka om IFRS 3 efterlevs i svenska börsnoterade företag och om dĂ€rmed en ”korrekt” bild av förvĂ€rven ges nĂ€r det gĂ€ller identifiering, vĂ€rdering och sĂ€rredovisning av de immateriella tillgĂ„ngarna. I litteraturgenomgĂ„ngen redogörs för konvergensprojektet. Det görs Ă€ven en beskrivning av vĂ€sentliga förĂ€ndringar i redovisning av förvĂ€rv enligt IFRS 3. VĂ€rderingsmetoder för vĂ€rdering av immateriella tillgĂ„ngar till ett verkligt vĂ€rde Ă„terges. Streeck & Schmitters ramverk för redovisningsreglering samt kritik gentemot denna enligt Puxty et al. lyfts fram. Även Sten Jönssons teori kring statlig inverkan pĂ„ redovisningsreglering Ă„terges. Detta examensarbete bygger pĂ„ tvĂ„ empiriska undersökningar. Först gjordes en innehĂ„llsanalys av Ă„rsredovisningar för svenska bolag, noterade pĂ„ Stockholmsbörsen. Resultatet av denna ligger sedan till grund för de efterföljande intervjuer som gjorts med redovisningsexperter, specialiserade inom IFRS 3. Studien visar att de nya krav som stĂ€lls innebĂ€r ett merarbete för företagen och ett ökat behov av specialkompetens. Immateriella tillgĂ„ngar sĂ€rredovisades vid alla analyserade förvĂ€rv, men det brister ofta i fördelningen av dessa, vilket försvĂ„rar utlĂ€sbarheten. Det gĂ„r Ă€ven att se en stor skillnad i hur de olika företagen redovisar sina förvĂ€rv och vad som ingĂ„r i deras upplysningar. Även om instĂ€llningen till IFRS 3 Ă€r positiv sĂ„ finns problem i samband med identifieringen och vĂ€rderingen av de immateriella tillgĂ„ngarna, som nu skall vĂ€rderas till verkliga vĂ€rden. Problemet Ă€r att de förutsĂ€ttningar som krĂ€vs för att kunna Ă„terge deras verkliga vĂ€rde ofta saknas. Studien visar pĂ„ ett stort behov av tydlig vĂ€gledning dĂ„ de skattningar som nu görs innehĂ„ller ett stort mĂ„tt av subjektivitet. Det framkom ocksĂ„ att företagen kan uppleva upplysningskraven som konkurrenshĂ€mmande varför de ibland vĂ€ljer att inte uppge all information, vilket ytterligare förstĂ€rker skillnaden i den finansiella rapporteringen

    Single-Dose and Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine 6 mg Gum

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    Introduction: Under-dosing is a recognized problem with current nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Therefore, a new 6mg nicotine gum has been developed. To compare the nicotine uptake from the 6mg gum versus currently available NRT products, two pharmacokinetic studies were performed.Methods: In one randomized crossover study, 44 healthy adult smokers received single doses of 6, 4, and 2mg nicotine gum, and 4mg nicotine lozenge on separate occasions. In a separate randomized crossover multiple-dose study over 11 hours, 50 healthy adult smokers received one 6mg gum every hour and 90 minutes, respectively, one 4mg gum every hour, and one 4mg lozenge every hour. In both studies, blood samples were collected over 12 hours to determine single-dose and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic variables.Results: In the single-dose study, the amount of nicotine released from the 2, 4, and 6mg gums (1.44, 3.36, and 4.94mg) as well as the resulting maximum concentration and area under the curve (5.9, 10.1, and 13.8ng/mL, and 17.1, 30.7, 46.2ng/mL × h, respectively) increased with dose. The maximum concentration and area under the curve of the 6mg gum were 44% and 30% greater, respectively, than those for 4mg lozenge. Upon hourly administration, the steady-state average plasma nicotine concentration with 6mg gum (37.4ng/mL) was significantly higher than those for 4mg lozenge (28.3ng/mL) and 4mg gum (27.1ng/mL).Conclusions: Nicotine delivery via the 6mg gum results in higher plasma nicotine concentrations after a single dose and at steady state than with currently available oral NRT.Implications: Under-dosing is a recognized problem with current NRT. Therefore, a new 6mg nicotine gum has been developed. Our studies show that upon single-dose and multiple-dose administration, the 6mg gum releases and delivers more nicotine to the systemic circulation than 2mg gum, 4mg gum, and 4mg lozenge. Thus, each 6mg nicotine gum provides a higher degree of nicotine substitution and/or lasts for a longer period of time than currently available nicotine gums and lozenges

    Effect of nicotine 6 mg gum on urges to smoke, a randomized clinical trial

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    Background: Ability to manage urges to smoke is fundamental to maximizing the chances of success in smoking cessation. Previous studies have linked a higher dose of nicotine in nicotine replacement therapy to a higher success rate for smoking cessation. Thus, this study was performed to compare relief of urges to smoke, up until 5 h following treatment with a new 6 mg nicotine gum versus currently marketed 4 mg nicotine gum. Methods: This was a randomized crossover clinical study. Following 12 h of abstinence from smoking, either one 6 mg or one 4 mg nicotine gum was given to 240 healthy adult smokers. Thereafter, urges to smoke were scored on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale repeatedly over 5 h. Results: The reductions in urges to smoke over the first 1 and 3 h after administration were statistically significantly greater with 6 mg than 4 mg gum, (p < 0.005). A 50% reduction in perceived urges to smoke was reached in 9.4 min with 6 mg gum compared to 16.2 min with 4 mg gum (median values). The median duration of a 50% or more reduction in VAS urges to smoke score was 111 min with the 6 mg gum, versus 74 min for the 4 mg gum. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the 6 mg nicotine gum provided a greater reduction, faster and longer relief of urges to smoke than the 4 mg nicotine gum. Trial registration: EudraCT Number: 2010-023268-42. Study was first entered in EudraCT 2011-02-23

    Single-Dose and Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine 6 mg Gum

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