Long-term effects of antimicrobial drugs on the composition of the human gut microbiota

Introduction: Antimicrobial drugs are known to have effects on the human gut microbiota. We studied the long-term temporal relationship between several antimicrobial drug groups and the composition of the human gut microbiota determined in feces samples. Methods: Feces samples were obtained from a community-dwelling cohort of middle-aged and elderly individuals (Rotterdam Study). Bacterial DNA was isolated and sequenced using V3/V4 16 S ribosomal RNA sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). The time between the last prescription of several antimicrobial drug groups and the day of sampling was categorized into 0–12, 12–

Cast in Concrete: Growth and Change in Jaap Bakema's Oeuvre

Many of Jaap Bakema’s proposals centred on the idea of designing structures that residents could fill in or change themselves. Though partly inspired by the picturesque city of Split, he could not always convince residents

Comparative investigation of appraisal style measures in their predictive potential for stress resilience and implications for predictive modeling of resilience

Appraisal refers to the evaluation of stimuli or situations with respect to an individual’s goals and needs. Stimuli or situations that are appraised as a threat to one’ goals and needs (‘stressors’) induce stress responses (‘stress’). Stressor appraisal occurs on various dimensions, of which the magnitude or cost of a potential adverse outcome, the probability of the outcome, and an individual’s coping potential are the most important. Individuals show subjective biases on each of these dimensions, which can range from extremely unrealistically negative to extremely unrealistically positive. Positive appraisal style (PAS) is an integrative construct. Individuals with a PAS have an average tendency to appraise stressors in a realistic to mildly unrealistically positive fashion across the different stressor appraisal dimensions; hence, they typically avoid both negative and also delusionally positive appraisals. Positive appraisal style theory of resilience (PASTOR) posits that this global bias is key for stress resilience, as it enables individuals to generate stress responses when needed but also to avoid unnecessary and over-shooting stress responses that will exhaust one’s resources and prevent resource replenishment during times of severe or lasting stressor exposure. We here use data from three prospective-longitudinal studies to compare recently validated self-report instruments for PAS with existing measures of appraisal biases in single dimensions in their relative predictive potential for resilience, using regularized regression methodology. We find that one PAS instrument, reflecting a tendency to produce general positive appraisal contents (PASS-content), and an optimism instrument, supposed to reflect a positive appraisal bias on the probability dimension, are consistent predictors of resilience over long time frames and superior in this quality to the other instruments (measures of positive appraisal processes, self-efficacy, and control). Generally, our results confirm the important role of appraisal biases in resilience. Item and nomological network analyses further indicate that the PASS-content instrument may more closely reflect individual differences in appraisal than the optimism instrument and thus be well suited for mechanistically interpretable prediction models based on well-defined psychological constructs. By contrast, the optimism instrument may reflect differences in life perspectives in addition to differences in appraisal. This makes the instrument less mechanistically interpretable; however, it may be better suited for clinical prediction models aiming at individual-level prognosis on the basis of maximized explained variance