X, An Analytical Approach to John Chowning's Phoné

The analysis of computer music presents new challenges to the field of music theory. This study examines the fixed media composition Phoné by John Chowning from its aesthetic perspective, compositional theory and computer sound synthesis techniques. Fast Fourier Transform analyses are used to create spectrograms. The findings from the spectrograms are juxtaposed with compositional philosophies of John Chowning, Jean-Claude Risset, Pierre Schaeffer and Arnold Schoenberg and the techniques are represented via PureData patches

Resistenzevaluierung mittels eines digitalen Bildanalysesystems am Beispiel von Rhododendron

ZusammenfassungDie Stammgrundfäule (Cylindrocladium scoparium) ist eine der wichtigsten pilzlichen Erkrankungen bei der Topfazalee (Rhododendron simsii). Für die Resistenzevaluierung sollten geeignete Biotests erarbeitet werden, die es ermöglichen, eine große Anzahl von Genotypen prüfen zu können. Biotests mit Blättern und Triebspitzen wurden entwickelt und ein digitales Bildanalysesystem zur Auswertung genutzt. Zur Verifizierung der Biotests diente ein Jungpflanzentest unter Gewächshausbedingungen. Alle drei Testmethoden zeigten eine gute Reproduzierbarkeit, jedoch korrelierten die Biotests nur untereinander und nicht mit dem Jungpflanzentest. Sowohl hoch anfällige als auch tolerante Genotypen (R60, R114 und R120) ließen sich mit allen drei Testmethoden nachweisen. Eine Resistenz gegen C. scoparium wurde nicht gefunden. Mit der digitalen Bildanalyse steht für das Wirt–Pathogen–System Rhododendron-Cylindrocladium in Kombination mit dem Triebspitzentest eine gut adaptierte, zerstörungsfreie Evaluierungsmethode zur Verfügung. Ergebnisse des Triebspitzentests sollten mit einem Test ganzer Pflanzen wie z.B. bewurzelter Stecklinge verifiziert werden. Stichwörter: Rhododendron, Cylindrocladium, Resistenz, BiotestA Digital Image Analysis System for Resistance Evaluation on RhododendronAbstractCylindrocladium scoparium is one of the most important fungal pathogens of Rhododendron simsii. Successful controlling by breeding for resistance to this pathogen needs sensitive, practicable and reproducible screening methods. A research project aimed at developing effective screening methods for evaluation of plant resources for Cylindrocladium resistance in Rhododendron simsii will be presented. Bioassays with detached leaves and shoots were established. The responses of the genotypes to C. scoparium were estimated by symptom scoring with the digital image analysis system. Tests on young plants in the greenhouse were used to verify the results of bioassays. All three screening methods were reproducible. There was a correlation only between the bioassays but not between the bioassays and the test on young plants. Tolerant genotypes (R60, R114 and R120) could be distinguished from highly susceptible genotypes within all tests. However, resistance against C. scoparium did not exist within the screened gene pool. The combination of the bioassay of shoots and the digital image analysis could be used as a well adapted and non-destructive evaluation method of the host–pathogen–system Rhododendron-Cylindrocladium. Results of the bioassay of shoots should be verified by testing whole plants like rooted cuttings. Keywords: Rhododendron, Cylindrocladium, resistance, bioassa

Characterisation of Alternaria radicina isolates and assessment of resistance in carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Alternaria radicina ist der Erreger der weltweit auftretenden Schwarzfäule an der Möhrenwurzel. Von Möhren- (Daucus carota) bzw. Petersilienblättern (Petroselinum crispum) wurden vier Alternaria spp. Isolate gewonnen und in Relation zu den Alternaria Arten A. radicina, A. carotiin­cultae und A. petroselini der Alternaria Sektion Radicina, charakterisiert und differenziert. Untersucht wurden Koloniewachstumskriterien, morphologische Merkmale und die Intensität der Sporulation. Typisch für A. radicina Isolate ist die Bildung gelber Pigmente auf angesäuer­tem Kartoffeldextroseagar (APDA). Die Pathogenität der Alternaria Isolate wurde durch Bioassays von Blattsegmenten eines Differenzial-Wirtspflanzensortiments bestehend aus vier Arten aus der Familie Apiaceae untersucht. Verschiedene Möhrensorten und eine Wildform wurden genutzt, um die Aggressivität der Pathogene zu charakterisieren. Die Krankheitssymptome wurden durch digitale Bildanalyse (Digital image analysis system, DIAS, LemnaTec, Deutschland) quantifiziert. Weiterhin konnte mit Hilfe des DAS-ELISA die Erregervermehrung im gesamten pflanzlichen Gewebe erfasst werden. Drei Isolate konnten als A. radicina identifiziert werden und eins als A. petroselini. Zwei A. radicina Isolate unterschiedlicher Aggressivität wurden genutzt, um die Resistenz eines 14 Genotypen umfassenden Möhrensortiments zu bewerten.Alternaria radicina is a fungal pathogen that causes the black rot disease of carrot. Four Alternaria spp. isolates associated with black rot symptoms collected from carrot (Daucus carota) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum) were characterised and differentiated in relation to the closely related Alternaria species A. radicina, A. carotiincultae and A. petroselini belonging to the Alternaria sect. Radi­cina. The Alternaria isolates were differentiated for their growth rates and colony margins. A typical feature of A. radicina isolates is the production of high amounts of yellow pigments on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA). Furthermore, sporulation intensity and conidia morphology were determined to classify the potential new A. radi­cina isolates. The pathogenicity of the Alternaria isolates was determined by bioassays with detached leaves of four Apiaceae species. Different carrot cultivars and one wild relative were used to estimate aggressiveness of the isolates. The disease symptoms were quantified in bio­assays using a digital image analysis system (LemnaTec). Additionally, a DAS-ELISA with polyclonal antibodies was used to detect the development of fungal pathogens. As result of the morphological and molecular characteris­tics as well as the pathogenicity assay, three isolates were verified as A. radicina and one as A. petroselini. Finally, two isolates with different aggressiveness were used to screen a set of 14 carrot genotypes for resistance to A. radi­cina

Host range and molecular and ultrastructural analyses of Asparagus virus 1 pathotypes isolated from garden asparagus Asparagus officinalis L.

Asparagus samples were examined from growing areas of Germany and selected European as well as North, Central and South American countries. Overall, 474 samples were analyzed for Asparagus virus 1 (AV1) using DAS-ELISA. In our survey, 19 AV1 isolates were further characterized. Experimental transmission to 11 species belonging to Aizoaceae, Amarantaceae, Asparagaceae, and Solanaceae succeeded. The ultrastructure of AV1 infection in asparagus has been revealed and has been compared with the one in indicator plants. The cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein, a core factor in viral replication, localized within the cytoplasm and in systemic infections adjacent to the plasmodesmata. The majority of isolates referred to pathotype I (PI). These triggered a hypersensitive resistance in inoculated leaves of Chenopodium spp. and were incapable of infecting Nicotiana spp. Only pathotype II (PII) and pathotype III (PIII) infected Nicotiana benthamiana systemically but differed in their virulence when transmitted to Chenopodium spp. The newly identified PIII generated amorphous inclusion bodies and degraded chloroplasts during systemic infection but not in local lesions of infected Chenopodium spp. PIII probably evolved via recombination in asparagus carrying a mixed infection by PI and PII. Phylogeny of the coat protein region recognized two clusters, which did not overlap with the CI-associated grouping of pathotypes. These results provide evidence for ongoing modular evolution of AV1

Investigation of brown asparagus spears with specific consideration of Fusarium and virus infections in asparagus plantations of Saxony-Anhalt

Im Spargelanbau wird zunehmend von Braunverfärbungen berichtet, deren Ursache bisher nicht vollständig geklärt ist. Dagegen ist eine allgemein starke Belastung von Spargelanlagen mit Fusarium spp. und verschiedenen Viren, insbesondere dem Asparagus virus 1 (AV-1) bekannt. Ziel der Studie war es, aktuelle Informationen zum Auftreten von Braunverfärbungen sowie zur Befallssituation mit Fusarium spp. und Viren in kommerziell genutzten Spargel­anlagen Sachsen-Anhalts zu erhalten. Insgesamt wurden 429 Spargelstangen aus 14 verschiedenen Betrieben, 27 Anlagen und 7 Sorten untersucht. 60,4% der Stangen zeigten Symptome von Braunverfärbung, bei 28,4% der Proben konnte nach In-vitro-Inkubation Fusarium spp. nachgewiesen werden. ELISA-Untersuchungen zeigten in 92,8% der Stangen AV-1, in 31,9% das Asparagus virus 2 (AV-2) und in 84,6% der Proben das Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Das Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) war lediglich in 3,5% der Proben nachweisbar, während das Tobacco streak virus (TSV) in keiner Probe gefunden wurde. Lediglich 2 Proben (0,5%) waren virusfrei. Befallsunterschiede waren zwischen den Spargelanlagen feststellbar, nicht aber zwischen den Sorten. Mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen den verschiedenen untersuchten Krankheiten werden diskutiert.    Asparagus producers report about increasing asparagus browning of spears in the field. The reason is unknown. Contrary, a general strong infestation of asparagus with Fusarium spp. and viruses, especially the Asparagus virus 1 (AV-1) is known. The recent study was carried out to investigate the status quo of asparagus browning, infestation with Fusarium spp. and viruses within asparagus plantation in Saxony-Anhalt. A total of 429 spears obtained from 14 companies, 27 plantations and 7 asparagus cultivars were investigated. 60.4% of spears have been shown symptoms of browning and 28.4% Fusarium spp. after in vitro incubation. In 92.8% of spears AV-1 was observed via ELISA, in 31.9% the Asparagus virus 2 (AV-2) and in 84.6% the Cucumber mosaic virus CMV. The Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) was detected in 3.5% of spears only, the Tobacco streak virus (TSV) in none of spears. Merely 2 spears (0.5%) were free of virus. Differences in the level of infestation were observed between the plantations but not between cultivars. Possible relations between the different diseases investigated are discussed.   &nbsp

GREGOR: Optics Redesign and Updates from 2018-2020

The GREGOR telescope was inaugurated in 2012. In 2018, we started a complete upgrade, involving optics, alignment, instrumentation, mechanical upgrades for vibration reduction, updated control systems, and building enhancements and, in addition, adapted management and policies. This paper describes all major updates performed during this time. Since 2012, all powered mirrors except for M1 were exchanged. Starting from 2020, GREGOR observes with diffraction-limited performance and a new optics and instrument layout.Comment: Accepted by A&A, 10 page

Host range and molecular and ultrastructural analyses of Asparagus virus 1 pathotypes isolated from garden asparagus Asparagus officinalis L.

Asparagus samples were examined from growing areas of Germany and selected European as well as North, Central and South American countries. Overall, 474 samples were analyzed for Asparagus virus 1 (AV1) using DAS-ELISA. In our survey, 19 AV1 isolates were further characterized. Experimental transmission to 11 species belonging to Aizoaceae, Amarantaceae, Asparagaceae, and Solanaceae succeeded. The ultrastructure of AV1 infection in asparagus has been revealed and has been compared with the one in indicator plants. The cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein, a core factor in viral replication, localized within the cytoplasm and in systemic infections adjacent to the plasmodesmata. The majority of isolates referred to pathotype I (PI). These triggered a hypersensitive resistance in inoculated leaves of Chenopodium spp. and were incapable of infecting Nicotiana spp. Only pathotype II (PII) and pathotype III (PIII) infected Nicotiana benthamiana systemically but differed in their virulence when transmitted to Chenopodium spp. The newly identified PIII generated amorphous inclusion bodies and degraded chloroplasts during systemic infection but not in local lesions of infected Chenopodium spp. PIII probably evolved via recombination in asparagus carrying a mixed infection by PI and PII. Phylogeny of the coat protein region recognized two clusters, which did not overlap with the CI-associated grouping of pathotypes. These results provide evidence for ongoing modular evolution of AV1