Catecholamines Facilitate Fuel Expenditure and Protect Against Obesity via a Novel Network of the Gut-Brain Axis in Transcription Factor Skn-1-deficient Mice

AbstractTaste signals and nutrient stimuli sensed by the gastrointestinal tract are transmitted to the brain to regulate feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. This system is referred to as the gut-brain axis. Here we show that both brush cells and type II taste cells are eliminated in the gastrointestinal tract of transcription factor Skn-1 knockout (KO) mice. Despite unaltered food intake, Skn-1 KO mice have reduced body weight with lower body fat due to increased energy expenditure. In this model, 24-h urinary excretion of catecholamines was significantly elevated, accompanied by increased fatty acid β-oxidation and fuel dissipation in skeletal muscle and impaired insulin secretion driven by glucose. These results suggest the existence of brain-mediated energy homeostatic pathways originating from brush cells and type II taste cells in the gastrointestinal tract and ending in peripheral tissues, including the adrenal glands. The discovery of food-derived factors that regulate these cells may open new avenues the treatment of obesity and diabetes.Research ContextTaste signals and nutrient stimuli sensed by the gastrointestinal tract are transmitted to the brain to regulate feeding behavior and energy homeostasis along the gut-brain axis. We propose the concept that taste-receiving cells in the oral cavity and/or food-borne chemicals-receiving brush cells in the gut are involved in regulation of the body weight and adiposity via the brain. The discovery of food-derived factors that regulate these cells may open new avenues for the treatment of obesity and diabetes

Ectopic fat deposition and global cardiometabolic risk : New paradigm in cardiovascular medicine

The obesity epidemic is a global public health concern that increases the likelihood of morbidity and mortality of metabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and threatens to reduce life expectancy around the world. The concept of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) takes into account that visceral fat plays an essential role in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, MetS cannot be used to assess global CVD risk but is at best one more modifiable CVD risk factor. Thus, global cardiometabolic risk (the global risk of cardiovascular disease resulting from traditional risk factors combined with the additional contribution of the metabolic syndrome and/or insulin resistance) should be considered individually. There is solid evidence supporting the notion that excess abdominal fat is predictive of insulin resistance and the presence of related metabolic abnormalities currently referred to as MetS. Despite the fact that abdominal obesity is a highly prevalent feature of MetS, the mechanisms by which abdominal obesity is causally related to MetS are not fully elucidated. Besides visceral fat accumulation, ectopic lipid deposition, especially in liver and skeletal muscle, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity-related disorders. Also, ectopic fat deposition could be deteriorated in the heart components such as (1) circulatory and locally recruited fat, (2) intra- and extra-myocellular fat, (3) perivascular fat, and (4) pericardial fat. In this review, the contribution of ectopic lipid deposition to global cardiometabolic risk is reviewed and also discussed are potential underlying mechanisms including adipocytokine, insulin resistance and lipotoxicity

イショセイ シボウ ト 2ガタ トウニョウビョウ シンゾウ ケッカンビョウ

There is evidence supporting the notion that excess abdominal fat is predictive of insulin resistance and the presence of related metabolic abnormalities currently referred to as the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Despite the fact that abdominal obesity is a highly prevalent feature of MetS, the mechanisms by which abdominal obesity is causally related to MetS are not fully elucidated. Besides visceral fat accumulation, ectopic lipid deposition, especially in the liver and skeletal muscle, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity-related disorders. In addition, ectopic fat deposition play a critical role in the heart components such as (1) circulatory and locally recruited fat, (2) intra-and extra-myocellular fat, (3) perivascular fat, and (4) pericardial fat. In this review, the contribution of ectopic lipid deposition to global cardiometabolic risk is discussed via possible mechanisms including adipocytokine, insulin resistance and lipotoxicity

工具回転機能を有したバニシング加工の基礎的検討: コーテッド超硬工具の適用

金沢大学理工研究域機械工学系工作物表面の平滑化と加工硬化ならびに圧縮残留応力の付与を目的としたバニシング加工について検討した．本加工法はフライス加工と同じ形態で，先端に半球形状を有する工具を高速で回転させながら対象面上を定力下で摺動させることにより仕上げ面を得る．本報では，工具にダイヤモンドよりも製造が容易なコーテッド超硬工具を用いた場合の加工特性について報告する.出版者照会後に全文公

工具回転機能を有したダイヤモンドチップバニシング加工の基礎的検討

金沢大学理工研究域機械工学系立方体形状の工作物の表面仕上げ法として，表面の平滑化，加工硬化ならびに圧縮残留応力の付与を目指したバニシング加工法について検討する．本加工法はフライス加工の要領で，先端に半球形状を有するダイヤモンドチップを高速で回転させながら，対象面上を定力下で摺動させる．本報では，高硬度材の平坦面に本加工法を適用した場合の基礎的な加工特性について，仕上げ面形状の観点から評価した結果を報告する．The effectiveness of a diamond burnishing method with rotating tool, which is proposed by the authors, is investigated. A proposed hybrid-type parallel mechanism with spherical 5-degree-of-freedom range and force control was used as a burnishing machine. A diamond tipped tool, which is rotated by the high-speeed-motor spindle, was used as a burnishing tool. A hardened die steel surface were targeted. The fundamental characteristics of the proposed method were evaluated by the surface profile and appearance of the burnishing mark and metallographic structure of the burnished surface layer, and the advantages of the proposed method were clarified by comparing with the conventional method, which is without the tool rotation.出版者照会後に全文公