The History of Quail Management with Comments on Pen-Rearing

Quail were present in the Lower Oligocene about 40 million years ago. The remains of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) have been found in Indian middens in the eastern United States, but these birds were not considered a preferred food. However, California quail (Callipep/,a californica) were a choice food of Native Americans. Bobwhite are the most prized species by sportsmen, with the California quail in second place. There is evidence that northern bobwhite reached unprecedented numbers over large geographical areas, especially along their northern range in the mid-1800\u27s. California and Gambel\u27s quail (C. gambelii) were abundant in the mid- to late-1800\u27s. From a social standpoint, the importance of northern bobwhite in promoting sportsmanship afield has never been fully appreciated. The bobwhite created a gentleman\u27s way of life in the South that is steeped in socially accepted tradition which has been fostered and respected by sportsmen through the years. By its very nature, bobwhite hunting brings out the best in men and dogs. The eternal pursuit of perfection by man has made quail the hunting sport of choice by Americans. With ever-decreasing quail habitat and a growing human population, there is a great need to establish more quail habitat throughout the bird\u27s range, and to produce pen-reared bobwhite that consistently emulate the sporting challenge of their wild cousins

The Production of Ring-necked Pheasants in Winnebago County, lowa

In the fall of 1935, the Iowa Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit inaugurated field investigations on the ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus, on the Winnebago Research Area, sections 9-12, 13-16, and 21-24, Eden Township, Winnebago County. Early investigations (Green, 1938) were centered around winter mortality of pheasants and the improvement of habitat to alleviate winter losses. In 1939-41 intensive investigations were shifted to the nesting and production of the ring-necked pheasant on a 1520-acre plot lying within sections 13, 14, 15, 23 and 24 (Baskett, 1947). Although the pheasants were increasing in numbers during 1939 and 1940, in 1941 and accelerated rate of summer production was noted. Instead of the usual 150-175 percent rate of summer increase over the spring population, production jumped to 220 percent in spite of the largest observed spring density - 125 birds per section. A parallel rise in the 1941 rate of production was also recorded in North Dakota (Bach, 1944)

Variations in Two Spring Indices of Male Pheasant Populations, Story County, lowa

The need for rapid indices to determine the spring population trends of ring-necked pheasants, Phasianus colchicus, on a statewide basis has resulted in the development of the crowing count (Kimball, 1949) and a male roadside count (Kozicky, 1952). Preliminary evidence (Kozicky, 1952) showed evidence that there was a higher degree of variation in areas of low population as compared to areas of high population (50 or more birds per section). Therefore, the intention of this study was to analyze the inherent variations in these two methods on secondary pheasant range in Iowa and compare them to findings in Winnebago County, our primary pheasant range

Pheasant Nesting and Production in Winnebago County, Iowa, 1940 versus 1954

The Iowa Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit has conducted research on the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) since 1935 on the Winnebago Research Area. From 1939-41 intensive nesting studies were made (Baskett, 1947) and again from 1950- 54. However, during this latter period, other investigations curtailed a complete nesting investigation, and it was not until 1954 (Klonglan, 1955) that time was available for a complete study with comparable spring pheasant populations. Since fall pheasant population levels in the 1939-41 period were estimated at 140 to 400 birds per section as compared to 100 to 110 birds from 1950-54, an intensive nesting study was deemed advisable for comparative purposes

A Proposed Comparison of Fall Roadside Pheasant Counts and Flushing Rates

Although the fall roadside pheasant census (Bennett and Hendrickson, 1938) has reflected the fall pheasant population from an administrative standpoint for the past 17 years within the primary range in Iowa (Kozicky, et al., 1952), there still exist the problems of correlating these roadside counts to actual populations or flushing rates. Inasmuch as we do not have any known method of obtaining exact numbers of birds for a given ·section of land at the present time, we cannot develop a method of interpreting the roadside count as reflecting a mean number of birds per acre in the primary pheasant range within a, specified confidence limits. However, it may be possible to relate the index obtained from the roadside count to birds flushed per hour on a section of land. The evaluation would be of assistance to administrators and sportsmen alike. The sportsmen are interested in knowing just how many birds they can expect to flush in an hour of hunting, based on roadside counts, and the administrator would like confirmation on the correlation, if any, between the roadside count and flushing rates

IVIg and LPS Co-stimulation Induces IL-10 Production by Human Monocytes, Which Is Compromised by an FcγRIIA Disease-Associated Gene Variant

Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg) is used to treat autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, but its mechanism of action is not completely understood. We asked whether IVIg can induce interleukin-10 (IL-10) and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human monocytes, and whether this response is reduced in monocytes from people with an Fcγ receptor IIA (FcγRIIA) gene variant, which is associated with increased risk of inflammatory diseases and poor response to antibody-based biological therapy. IVIg increased IL-10 production and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which required FcγRI and FcγRIIB and activation of MAPKs, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p38. IL-10 production was lower and pro-inflammatory cytokine production was higher in monocytes from people with the FcγRIIA risk variant and the risk variant prevented IL-10 production in response to (IVIg+LPS). Finally, we show that IVIg did not induce MAPK activation in monocytes from people with the risk variant. Our results demonstrate that IVIg can skew human monocytes to an anti-inflammatory, IL-10-producing activation state, which is compromised in monocytes from people with the FcγRIIA risk variant. This research has profound implications for the use of IVIg because 25% of the population is homozygous for the FcγRIIA risk variant and its efficacy may be reduced in those individuals. In addition, this research may be useful to develop new therapeutic strategies to replace IVIg by cross-linking FcγRIs and FcγRIIBs to promote anti-inflammatory macrophage activation, independent of the FcγRIIA genotype

Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder

The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) previously published treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in 2005, along with international commentaries and subsequent updates in 2007, 2009, and 2013. The last two updates were published in collaboration with the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD). These 2018 CANMAT and ISBD Bipolar Treatment Guidelines represent the significant advances in the field since the last full edition was published in 2005, including updates to diagnosis and management as well as new research into pharmacological and psychological treatments. These advances have been translated into clear and easy to use recommendations for first, second, and third- line treatments, with consideration given to levels of evidence for efficacy, clinical support based on experience, and consensus ratings of safety, tolerability, and treatment-emergent switch risk. New to these guidelines, hierarchical rankings were created for first and second- line treatments recommended for acute mania, acute depression, and maintenance treatment in bipolar I disorder. Created by considering the impact of each treatment across all phases of illness, this hierarchy will further assist clinicians in making evidence-based treatment decisions. Lithium, quetiapine, divalproex, asenapine, aripiprazole, paliperidone, risperidone, and cariprazine alone or in combination are recommended as first-line treatments for acute mania. First-line options for bipolar I depression include quetiapine, lurasidone plus lithium or divalproex, lithium, lamotrigine, lurasidone, or adjunctive lamotrigine. While medications that have been shown to be effective for the acute phase should generally be continued for the maintenance phase in bipolar I disorder, there are some exceptions (such as with antidepressants); and available data suggest that lithium, quetiapine, divalproex, lamotrigine, asenapine, and aripiprazole monotherapy or combination treatments should be considered first-line for those initiating or switching treatment during the maintenance phase. In addition to addressing issues in bipolar I disorder, these guidelines also provide an overview of, and recommendations for, clinical management of bipolar II disorder, as well as advice on specific populations, such as women at various stages of the reproductive cycle, children and adolescents, and older adults. There are also discussions on the impact of specific psychiatric and medical comorbidities such as substance use, anxiety, and metabolic disorders. Finally, an overview of issues related to safety and monitoring is provided. The CANMAT and ISBD groups hope that these guidelines become a valuable tool for practitioners across the globe

LED fluorescence microscopy in the diagnosis of tuberculosis: Fading and restaining of smears for external quality assessment

AbstractBlinded rechecking is a method proposed for external quality assurance (EQA) of auramine-stained acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears using fluorescence microscopy (FM), however, this procedure is not well developed and slides fading over time could compromise its implementation. Since bleaching of fluorescent molecules involves temperature-dependent chemical reactions, it is likely that low temperatures could slow down this process. We stored auramine-stained slides under different environmental conditions, including −20°C, and examined them over time. The slides stored in all the environments faded. At −20°C, fading was not reduced in relation to room temperature. Restaining and re-examining smears after five months showed that the slides containing saliva and storage at −20°C were associated with failure in AFB reappearance. In conclusion, the practice of freezing slides until they are viewed should be discouraged as it has a negative effect on blinded rechecking by reducing reading concordance after restaining. Specimen quality should be considered when interpreting FM-EQA results