The Study of the Strategy for Building Children’ s Engagement for Learning in a Social Studies Class Based on the Analysis of the Social Studies Lesson in a Junior High School

　本研究は，社会科授業において到達目標である学力としての意欲がいかに位置づけられているか，そして，いかにそれを育成しようとしているかを，具体的な授業実践の分析を通して明らかにしようとするものである。分析の方法は，従来の社会科教育研究でよく用いられてきた演繹的なものではなく，帰納的な方法を採用した。それは，意欲の育成をめざしている授業実践を取り出して，それをできる限り授業者の意図にそって分析し，そこに見られる意欲育成の原理と方法を明らかにするというものである。 　本研究では，社会の改善に寄与しようとする意欲の向上をめざした授業実践を事例とし，歴史教育者協議会に所属する小堀俊夫が実践した「国民から見た戦後」という単元を取りあげ分析・評価した。分析の結果，民衆の立場からの歴史教育を行うことで，社会改善に貢献したいという意欲を向上させていたことが明らかになった

Performance Evaluation of Heat Pump Cycle using Low GWP Refrigerant Mixtures of HFC-32 and HFO-1123

Hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs) have been widely used as working fluids (refrigerants) in air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. At the 1997 Kyoto Conference (COP3), a worldwide agreement was obtained to regulate the production and use of HFCs exhibit high global warming potential (GWP). In the above situation, Hydro-fluoro Olefins (HFOs) having extremely low GWP values such as HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1123, has attracted attentions. In this study, the performance of heat pump cycle using low GWP refrigerant mixtures of HFC-32 and HFO-1123 is evaluated experimentally. The experimental system is a water heat source vapor compression cycle, mainly composed of an inverter-controlled & hermetic-type scroll compressor (cylinder volume: 11 cm3), an oil separator, a double-tube-type condenser (heat transfer tube; inner grooved , OD 9.53 mm, ID 7.53 mm, total length 7.2 m), a liquid receiver, a solenoid expansion valve, and a double-tube-type evaporator (heat transfer tube; inner grooved , OD 9.53 mm, ID 7.53 mm, total length 7.2 m). Tested compositions of mixtures of HFO-32/HFO-1123 are 58/42 mass% (GWP=393) and 42/58 mass% (GWP=285). These mixtures are tested for the heating and the cooling modes. In the heating mode, the heat sink water temperatures at the inlet and outlet of condenser are kept at 20 ˚C and 45 ˚C, respectively, and the heat source water temperatures at the inlet and outlet of evaporator are kept at 15 ˚C and 9 ˚C. Then, the heating load is varied from 1.6 kW to 2.6 kW. Similarly, in the cooling mode, the water temperature at the inlet and outlet are kept at 30 ˚C and 45 ˚C in condenser, and at 20 ˚C and 10 ˚C in evaporator. Then, the cooling load is varied from 1.4 kW to 2.4 kW. The conventional refrigerant R410A is also tested as the reference. In both modes of heating and cooling, the COP of HFO-32/HFO-1123 mixture (58/42 mass%) is almost the same as that of R410A, while the COP of HFO-32/HFO-1123 mixture (42/58 mass%) is a little lower than that of R410A. By analyzing the irreversible loss of the heat pump cycle based on the second low analysis, the losses of both mixtures in condenser and evaporator are slightly smaller than that of R410A, while the losses of both mixtures in compressor are slightly higher than that of R410A. This result reveals that tested mixtures of HFO-32/HFO-1123 are available to use as the alternative of R410A if the design of compressor and heat exchangers are optimized

Developing a Lesson Plan for a Learning of Pollution Focused on Scientific Inquiry: Based on developing a Tentative Lesson Plan of a Secondary Social Studies “Morinaga Arsenic Milk Poisoning Incident”

本研究は，科学的探求の論理に基づき中学校社会科公民的分野において実践可能な公害学 習の単元開発を行おうとするものである。本研究で公害学習の単元開発に取り組む目的は， 以下の二点である。 １．地球規模の環境問題などが取り上げられることが多くなってきている一方で，近年，公 害が取り上げられる機会が減ってきている。しかし，薬害や食品公害が後を絶たないように， 決して公害がなくなっているわけではなく，時代や社会の状況を踏まえた公害学習の単元開 発は依然として求められていること。 ２．かつての公害学習では，公害の原因は資本主義経済における企業の行動に関する理論で 説明されることが多かった。しかし，企業だけではなく行政などを含む社会全体の構造の中 で公害発生の要因を捉えさせる必要があること。 　以上の目的のため，本研究では森永ヒ素ミルク中毒事件を取り上げて単元開発を行った。 この事件を取り上げることで，公害発生の原因追究だけではなく，その拡大や解決の遅れな どの面からも公害問題を追究させることができた。また，被害が大きく社会的反響も大きか ったにもかかわらず，学校教育の中でこれまで取り上げられることが少なかった森永ヒ素ミ ルク中毒事件の初めての本格的な教材化ということも本研究の意義の一つである

Impact of an angulated aorto-septal relationship on cardio-cerebrovascular outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Aortic and valvular calcification are well-known risk factors for cardio-cerebrovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. We investigated the clinical impact of an angulated aorto-septal angle as a result of aortic elongation due to aortic calcification on cardio-cerebrovascular outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis. We investigated 306 patients (mean age 65.4 years, 68% male) who underwent pre-scheduled routine echocardiography between April and September 2018. The angle between the anterior wall of the aorta and the ventricular septal surface (ASA) was quantified. We determined aortic and mitral valve calcification scores based on calcified cardiac changes; the aortic and mitral valve scores ranged between 0-9 and 0-6, respectively. The primary endpoint was a composite including cardio-cerebrovascular events and cardio-cerebrovascular death. The mean duration of dialysis among the patients in this analysis was 9.6 years. The primary endpoint was observed in 54 patients during the observational period (median 1095 days). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses identified left ventricular ejection fraction (per 10% increase: hazard ratio [HR] 0.67; 95% confidential interval [CI] 0.53-0.84, P = 0.001), left ventricular mass index (per 10 g/m2 increase: HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.05-1.24, P = 0.001), ASA (per 10 degree increase: HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.54-0.88; P = 0.003), and aortic valve calcification score (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.04-1.26, P = 0.005) as independent determinants of the primary endpoint. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a higher incidence of the primary endpoint in patients with ASA <119.4 degrees than those with ASA ≥119.4 degrees (Log-rank P < 0.001). An angulated aorto-septal angle is an independent risk factor for cardio-cerebrovascular events and cardio-cerebrovascular death in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Cox proportional hazards analyses.

Aortic and valvular calcification are well-known risk factors for cardio-cerebrovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. We investigated the clinical impact of an angulated aorto-septal angle as a result of aortic elongation due to aortic calcification on cardio-cerebrovascular outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis. We investigated 306 patients (mean age 65.4 years, 68% male) who underwent pre-scheduled routine echocardiography between April and September 2018. The angle between the anterior wall of the aorta and the ventricular septal surface (ASA) was quantified. We determined aortic and mitral valve calcification scores based on calcified cardiac changes; the aortic and mitral valve scores ranged between 0–9 and 0–6, respectively. The primary endpoint was a composite including cardio-cerebrovascular events and cardio-cerebrovascular death. The mean duration of dialysis among the patients in this analysis was 9.6 years. The primary endpoint was observed in 54 patients during the observational period (median 1095 days). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses identified left ventricular ejection fraction (per 10% increase: hazard ratio [HR] 0.67; 95% confidential interval [CI] 0.53–0.84, P = 0.001), left ventricular mass index (per 10 g/m2 increase: HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.05–1.24, P = 0.001), ASA (per 10 degree increase: HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.54–0.88; P = 0.003), and aortic valve calcification score (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.04–1.26, P = 0.005) as independent determinants of the primary endpoint. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a higher incidence of the primary endpoint in patients with ASA </div

S1 Table -

A-I. Additional Cox proportional hazards analyses. (DOCX)</p

S2 Table -

A. Correlations between dialytic date-interval and echocardiographic parameters. B. Additional Cox proportional hazards analyses. (DOCX)</p

S1 Data -

Aortic and valvular calcification are well-known risk factors for cardio-cerebrovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. We investigated the clinical impact of an angulated aorto-septal angle as a result of aortic elongation due to aortic calcification on cardio-cerebrovascular outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis. We investigated 306 patients (mean age 65.4 years, 68% male) who underwent pre-scheduled routine echocardiography between April and September 2018. The angle between the anterior wall of the aorta and the ventricular septal surface (ASA) was quantified. We determined aortic and mitral valve calcification scores based on calcified cardiac changes; the aortic and mitral valve scores ranged between 0–9 and 0–6, respectively. The primary endpoint was a composite including cardio-cerebrovascular events and cardio-cerebrovascular death. The mean duration of dialysis among the patients in this analysis was 9.6 years. The primary endpoint was observed in 54 patients during the observational period (median 1095 days). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses identified left ventricular ejection fraction (per 10% increase: hazard ratio [HR] 0.67; 95% confidential interval [CI] 0.53–0.84, P = 0.001), left ventricular mass index (per 10 g/m2 increase: HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.05–1.24, P = 0.001), ASA (per 10 degree increase: HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.54–0.88; P = 0.003), and aortic valve calcification score (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.04–1.26, P = 0.005) as independent determinants of the primary endpoint. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a higher incidence of the primary endpoint in patients with ASA </div

S3 Table -

A. Aortic valve and mitral valve calcification scores for patients with moderate or greater aortic valve stenosis. B. Additional Cox proportional hazards analyses. (DOCX)</p