Plantes alimentaires spontanées de la région du Fromager (Centre- Ouest de la Côte d\'Ivoire) : flore, habitats et organes consommés.

Une enquête ethnobotanique, visant à inventorier les plantes spontanées alimentaires encore présentes dans la région du Fromager (Centre-Ouest) de la Côte d\'Ivoire, a été menée auprès des populations rurales. Les espèces recensées sont au nombre de 72, réparties entre 61 genres et 42 familles. Les familles les plus représentées sont les Sterculiaceae, les Arecaceae et les Solanaceae. L\'habitat de ces plantes spontanées a été déterminé; il s\'agit des forêts, des jachères et des vergers de cacaoyers et de caféiers. Les organes les plus consommés sont les fruits (38 %), les feuilles (33 %) et les graines (19 %). Ces enquêtes ont montré qu\'il existe encore un nombre élevé d\'espèces spontanées alimentaires dans la Région du Fromager.A ethnobotanic survey, aimed at the inventory of the food spontaneous plants present in the “fromager” region (Western Center) of Côte d\'Ivoire, was carried out with the collaboration of the rural populations. The number of species inventoried is 72, belonging to 61 generas and 42 families. The most represented families are Sterculiaceae, Arecaceae and Solanaceae. The habitats of these spontaneous plants species were forests, fallows and the cocoa and coffee plantations. The most consumed organs were fruits (38 %), leaves (33 %) and seeds (19 %). These investigations showed a high number of food spontaneous species in the “fromager” region. Keywords: Spontaneous food plants, habitats, consumed organs, Côte d\'IvoireSciences & Nature Vol. 5 (1) 2008: pp. 61-7

Test d’efficacité d’un herbicide en culture d’ananas, à la station d’expérimentation et de production d’Anguédédou en Côte d’Ivoire

Objectif : Un produit à base de glyphosate (Dominator 360) est testé en vue d’évaluer son efficacité sur les adventices des cultures d’ananas. Ceci pour élargir la gamme des produits dans cette culture et de minimiser les coûts de traitement en jouant sur les doses tout en veillant à leur efficacité.Méthodologie et résultats : Le Dominator 360 est comparé à des herbicides de référence en usage sur la culture d’ananas dans la station expérimentale d’Anguédédou. Ces herbicides sont le Kalach, également à base de glyphosate et le Special 30 à base de diuron + bromacile. L’essai a été conduit suivant un bloc de Fisher randomisé, dont le dispositif est celui des témoins adjacents. Le Dominator 360 est expérimenté à trois doses : 2, 3 et 4 l/ha et les deux témoins à une seule dose : 4 l/ha pour le Kalach et 4 kg/ha pour le Special 30.Les efficacités observées sont différentes selon les doses utilisées. Le Dominator, les témoins Kalach et le Spécial 30 se sont montrés efficaces pratiquement au même titre aux doses maximales utilisées (4 l/ha et 4 kg/ha). La dose de 3 l/ha du Dominator est apparue la plus faible dose expérimentée qui présente une bonne efficacité.Conclusion et application : La dose de 3 l/ha du Dominator 360 constitue la faible dose du produit, comparée aux deux témoins utilisés dans cette étude, qui présente une bonne efficacité dans la lutte contre les adventices en cultures d’ananas. Ceci en rapport avec la baisse des doses efficaces, recommandées, pour minimiser les coûts d’achat des herbicides. Cette dose de 3 l/ha du Dominator 360 est ainsi la dose par excellence à vulgariser.Mots clefs : Herbicide, glyphosate, Dominator, efficacité, anana

A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis is high. We conducted a trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design to assess the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), or both among HIV-infected adults with high CD4+ cell counts in Ivory Coast. METHODS: We included participants who had HIV type 1 infection and a CD4+ count of less than 800 cells per cubic millimeter and who met no criteria for starting ART according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: deferred ART (ART initiation according to WHO criteria), deferred ART plus IPT, early ART (immediate ART initiation), or early ART plus IPT. The primary end point was a composite of diseases included in the case definition of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS-defining cancer, non-AIDS-defining invasive bacterial disease, or death from any cause at 30 months. We used Cox proportional models to compare outcomes between the deferred-ART and early-ART strategies and between the IPT and no-IPT strategies. RESULTS: A total of 2056 patients (41% with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter) were followed for 4757 patient-years. A total of 204 primary end-point events were observed (3.8 events per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3 to 4.4), including 68 in patients with a baseline CD4+ count of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter (3.2 events per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 2.4 to 4.0). Tuberculosis and invasive bacterial diseases accounted for 42% and 27% of primary end-point events, respectively. The risk of death or severe HIV-related illness was lower with early ART than with deferred ART (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.76; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.94) and lower with IPT than with no IPT (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.88; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.01). The 30-month probability of grade 3 or 4 adverse events did not differ significantly among the strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In this African country, immediate ART and 6 months of IPT independently led to lower rates of severe illness than did deferred ART and no IPT, both overall and among patients with CD4+ counts of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter. (Funded by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis; TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00495651.)

Effect of isoniazid preventive therapy on risk of death in west African, HIV-infected adults with high CD4 cell counts: long-term follow-up of the Temprano ANRS 12136 trial.

BACKGROUND: Temprano ANRS 12136 was a factorial 2 × 2 trial that assessed the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART; ie, in patients who had not reached the CD4 cell count threshold used to recommend starting ART, as per the WHO guidelines that were the standard during the study period) and 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in HIV-infected adults in Côte d'Ivoire. Early ART and IPT were shown to independently reduce the risk of severe morbidity at 30 months. Here, we present the efficacy of IPT in reducing mortality from the long-term follow-up of Temprano. METHODS: For Temprano, participants were randomly assigned to four groups (deferred ART, deferred ART plus IPT, early ART, or early ART plus IPT). Participants who completed the trial follow-up were invited to participate in a post-trial phase. The primary post-trial phase endpoint was death, as analysed by the intention-to-treat principle. We used Cox proportional models to compare all-cause mortality between the IPT and no IPT strategies from inclusion in Temprano to the end of the follow-up period. FINDINGS: Between March 18, 2008, and Jan 5, 2015, 2056 patients (mean baseline CD4 count 477 cells per μL) were followed up for 9404 patient-years (Temprano 4757; post-trial phase 4647). The median follow-up time was 4·9 years (IQR 3·3-5·8). 86 deaths were recorded (Temprano 47 deaths; post-trial phase 39 deaths), of which 34 were in patients randomly assigned IPT (6-year probability 4·1%, 95% CI 2·9-5·7) and 52 were in those randomly assigned no IPT (6·9%, 5·1-9·2). The hazard ratio of death in patients who had IPT compared with those who did not have IPT was 0·63 (95% CI, 0·41 to 0·97) after adjusting for the ART strategy (early vs deferred), and 0·61 (0·39-0·94) after adjustment for the ART strategy, baseline CD4 cell count, and other key characteristics. There was no evidence for statistical interaction between IPT and ART (pinteraction=0·77) or between IPT and time (pinteraction=0·94) on mortality. INTERPRETATION: In Côte d'Ivoire, where the incidence of tuberculosis was last reported as 159 per 100 000 people, 6 months of IPT has a durable protective effect in reducing mortality in HIV-infected people, even in people with high CD4 cell counts and who have started ART. FUNDING: National Research Agency on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS)