Linguistics of Albania and Romania in the Period of Totalitarian Society

The paper presents the results of comparative analysis of linguistics in Romania and Albania in the period of totalitarian society (1944-1990). We provide the narrative description of linguistic historiography, which allows determining the linguistics of the countries under consideration in this period as the "totalitarian" linguistics. The general features of "totalitarian" linguistics of Albania and Romania are revealed: the development of theoretical and applied linguistics is conditioned by the transformation of linguistics into one of the key spheres of influence of the state and party leadership of the country, which determined the strategy of linguistics development. This influence is most obvious in sociolinguistics, for it investigates the problems of the relationship between language and ideology, language and consciousness, the role of language in the society, its social differentiation, etc. It is shown that totalitarianism is manifested in the control over the activities of linguists, in the political order of research in the linguistic sphere, in the ideological commitment of academic approaches and assessments. It is pointed out that the role of the totalitarian state in the "totalitarian" linguistics consists in the symbiosis of destructive and constructive influences: on the one hand, the totalitarian ideology prevents progressive development of linguistics in accordance with its immanent laws, and, on the other hand, the practical orientation of linguistic research contributes to the significant development of the theoretical aspects of general linguistics

DICTIONARIES OF TOTALITARIAN ITALY AND ALBANIA

The relevance of the article is defined by the primary appeal to a comparative analysis of the development of lexicography in countries with a totalitarian society. The analyzed material is con-sidered from the point of view of the “totalitarian” linguistics, which is considered as a set of discursive practices inherent to the totalitarian era. The aim of the present article is the confirmation of the hypothesis put forward by the author, that the totalitarian state, regardless of the time frames, generates a special kind of linguistics, which has a set of certain features making it totalitarian type according to the current political semantics. The subject of the study is the lexicographic works of the totalitarian era in Italy and Albania. The research material of this article was the original lexicographic sources from Italy and Albania, as well as scientific works in the field of lexicography devoted to the period of totalitarianism, mainly represented by foreign linguists. The research is conducted in line with the narrative lexicography, which allows to recreate an objective picture of the status and development of linguistics in totalitarian states, which contributes to the rethinking of the linguistic heritage of totalitarian states, and opens further per-spectives in the field of narrative lingvo historigraphy. The obtained results are characterized by a high degree of novelty. It is the first time when the lexicographical practice of totalitarian states is presented as a comparative analysis of the discursive practices of the totalitarian era. Previously, the study of the lexicography of totalitarian states was implemented on the basis of studying specific aspects of the vocabu-lary and was presented fragmentarily, mostly in foreign languages, which significantly limits the access to the works for Russian-speaking readers. The results of this analysis contribute to a General theory of lexicography and lingvo historigraphy of the twentieth century

Application of the ABC method in animal husbandry

One of the most important problems is the timely and accurate accounting of costs and output. Providing benefits from sales, obtaining benefits from enterprises and, accordingly, improving the quality of products. In this regard, the problem of building a system of state accounting of costs in agriculture is very relevant for national scientists. The article explores the methods of calculating the cost of livestock production by the traditional method and the ABC method, and also studies the prospects for determining the nature of ABC in the practice of enterprises. The study should lead to difficulties. This system is not widespread and does not have developed guidelines. This can lead to an incorrect distribution of processes and costs, a distortion of the calculation of the cost of production. Nevertheless, with a competent approach to using these parameters, you can get more accurate results

First results of the U-Pb isotopic (LA-ICP-MS) dating of detrital zircons from the lower paleozoic of spitsbergen

This work presents the first results of dating of detrital zircons (dZrs) from the Lower Paleozoic ter- rigenous-carbonate rocks of the Cambrian Blåstertoppen (samples 08-137 and 08-142, south of the Wedel Jarlsberg Land) and Ordovician Wiederfjellet (sample K06-17, north of the Land) sequences, which are wide- spread to the north and south of the Hornsund Fjord, on the southwestern coast of Spitsbergen Island. Against the background of sporadic values of 1-3 Ga, samples K06-17 and 08-142 showed similar spectra of the age distribution of dZrs with dominant compact numerous age groups of ∼1.8-1.9 Ga and peaks of the maximum of the probability density of 1850 and 1862 Ma, respectively. The only noticeable difference in these spectra is the presence of a young grain of 541 Ma in sample 08-142 (with a very good value of concordance), which is close to the suggested Cambrian age of formation of the Blåstertoppen sequence. The distribution of the dZr ages in sample 08-137 is significantly distinct. First, the general age range is narrower: 1.15-1.95 Ga (no Archean ages). Second, the age of 1.8-2.0 Ga dominant in the other two samples corresponds to only one grain. Thus, although samples 08-137 and 08-142 were taken from closely located levels of the section of the Cambrian Blåstertoppen sequence (in the same interception), the age spectra of dZrs from these samples differ cardinally. The statistical Kolmogorov-Smirnov test quantitatively supports the visual similarity of age spectra of dZrs from samples K06-17 and 08-142 (p = 0.913) and the distinction of those from samples 08-142 and 08-137 (p = 0). Thus, the provenance areas, which supplied the clastic material to the sedimentary basin, whose remnants are presently located in the southwestern part of Spitsbergen, abruptly changed in the Cambrian. The basal levels of the Cambrian section of this basin (sample 08-137) were mostly formed due to accumulation of the erosion products of the local (Spitsbergen) sources: metarocks of the Eimfjellet Group located in the south of the Wedel Jarlsberg Land and of the Smerenburgfjord Group abundant on the Albert I Land. The dZrs age spectrum is a print of the ages of the Late Paleoprotero- zoic-Mesoproterozoic (pre-Grenville) basement unaffected by assemblage of Rodinia. Then the conditions changed and the basin became to accumulate the material from the remote regions, significant parts of which were the areas of ancient cratons, including Archean blocks. The general sedimentation conditions did not change considerably, because the rock type remained the same. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2014

Episode 2: The Millerites and Hillary Clinton

What if we told you the end of the world already happened? What if we told you it happens all the time? No, we’re not talking about a meteor impact or zombie apocalypse, but that moment when a movement fails and leaves its followers devastated. In this podcast, we compare two world-ending events: the religious world of the Millerites that was smashed by the “Great Disappointment” when the world failed to end and how Democrats and progressives confronted the unexpected 2016 election of Donald Trump. We\u27re joined by Congresswoman Katherine Clark, Harvard Professor David F. Holland, and University of Massachusetts Amherst graduate student Basileus Zeno. Image by Flickr user Kelly Poul