47 research outputs found
From the Bench to Bedside: Biological and Methodology Considerations for the Future of Companion Diagnostics in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer
Companion diagnostics are an emerging and exciting field in the care of oncology patients. These tests accompany standard diagnostic investigations in cancer patients and function as an aid in treatment decision making. A great number of new compounds are under clinical and laboratory testing in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As the variety of therapeutic options expands in the various settings of the disease, it becomes apparent that specific and sensitive molecular tests are necessary to define the subsets of patients who are going to derive clinical benefit. Testing for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) somatic mutations for the appropriate administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors is just the beginning. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion protein detection and molecular histology classification are promising candidate predictors for clinical benefit from crizotinib and pemetrexed, respectively. This paper summarizes such diagnostics and discusses unanswered questions concerning underlying biology and standardization issues
The Role of EGFR Inhibitors in the Treatment of Metastatic Anal Canal Carcinoma: A Case Series
Anal cancer patients who have exhibited disease progression after having received all approved drugs pose a major therapeutic challenge. In addition to cytotoxic agents, novel targeted agents are being developed and have an established role in the treatment of many solid tumors, including colon cancer. However, their role in anal cancer is yet to be determined. Most anal malignancies are squamous cell carcinomas often strongly expressing epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). Targeting the latter seems to result in favorable changes in tumor growth. We present three cases of refractory anal cancers, treated with EGFR inhibitors, after having received the recommended chemotherapy regimens. We conclude that EGFR inhibitors may play a vital role in the treatment of anal cancer and we suggest that large trials are be conducted in order to clarify their efficacy and to improve therapeutic management
Cerebrovascular Accidents Associated with Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Sorafenib is an oral angiogenetic multikinase inhibitor approved in the treatment of renal and hepatocellular carcinoma. Bleeding and venous thrombotic events have been described with angiogenetic agents but cerebrovascular accidents are rarely reported. We report two cases of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who developed a cerebrovascular accident while on sorafenib. Neither patient had any risk factors for the cerebrovascular events apart from gender and age in the second patient. Laboratory data were noncontributory. The head CT scan did not reveal acute abnormalities. No hemodynamically significant stenosis was visible in the carotid ultrasound, and the echocardiogram showed normal size of the heart chambers and normal systolic function of the left ventricle. Sorafenib was discontinued in both cases. Physicians should monitor patients receiving sorafenib for neurologic symptoms, and in the absence of other etiology, prompt discontinuation of this drug should be considered
Prolonged survival after splenectomy in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: a case report
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare X-linked immunodeficiency disorder that is characterized by a variable clinical phenotype. Matched donor bone marrow transplantation is currently the only curative therapeutic option. We present the case of a 24-year-old male who was diagnosed at the age of seven with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. He did not respond to intravenous gammaglobulin and he experienced recurrent pulmonary infections despite prophylactic antibiotics. The patient had no matched donor. At the age of nine, he was submitted to splenectomy and his platelet count was normalized. Fifteen years later, the patient remains asymptomatic with a normal platelet count. He is still receiving prophylactic antibiotics and no bleeding episodes or septic complications have been reported. This case demonstrates that splenectomy can represent a safe therapeutic option in selected WAS patients, provided that there is a tight follow-up program, patient education and adherence to guidelines regarding post-splenectomy prophylaxis
A randomized phase III study of the docetaxel/carboplatin combination versus docetaxel single-agent as second line treatment for patients with advanced/metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To compare the activity and toxicity of docetaxel/carboplatin (DC) doublet vs single agent docetaxel (D) as second-line treatment in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Patients pre-treated with front-line platinum-free regimens, were randomized to receive either docetaxel/carboplatin (DC), (docetaxel 50 mg/m<sup>2</sup>; carboplatin AUC4; both drugs administered on days 1 and 15) or docetaxel single-agent (D), (docetaxel 50 mg/m<sup>2 </sup>on days 1 and 15).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Response rate was similar between the two arms (DC vs D: 10.4% vs 7.7%; p = 0.764). After a median follow-up time of 28.0 months for DC arm and 34.5 months for D arm, progression free survival (PFS) was significantly higher in the DC arm (DC vs D:3.33 months vs 2.60 months; p-value = 0.012), while no significant difference was observed in terms of overall survival (OS) (DC vs D: 10.3 months vs 7.70 months; p-value = 0.550). Chemotherapy was well-tolerated and grade III/IV toxicities were relatively infrequent. No toxic deaths were observed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study has not achieved its primary objective of significant OS prolongation with docetaxel/carboplatin combination over single-agent docetaxel in patients who had not received front-line docetaxel; however, the docetaxel/carboplatin combination was associated with a significant clinical benefit in terms of PFS.</p
Sunitinib A Multitargeted Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in the Era of Molecular Cancer Therapies
Sunitinib is an oral oxindole multitargeted kinase inhibitor that
inhibits certain receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). These include
vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR type I and 2),
platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta),
stem cell factor receptor (KIT), FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3),
glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor receptor (RET) and the
receptor of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (CSF1 R). Examination
of the antitumor effect of sunitinib in a variety of cell lines in vitro
suggested an anti proliferative activity that is dependent on the
presence of constitutively active RTK targets. The use of sunitinib as
first-line therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has improved
the overall survival compared with that observed after cytokine therapy,
while its administration in patients with gastrointestinal stromal
tumors (GISTs) after progression or intolerance to imatinib achieved an
objective response of 7%. Sunitinib is currently approved for the
treatment of GISTs in this setting, and as first-line therapy for the
treatment of advanced RCC. The relatively long half-life of sunitinib
and its major metabolite allow for a once-daily dosing schedule. An
interesting antitumor activity of sunitinib was reported in phase 11
studies of patients with a variety of malignancies, such as
hepatocellular cancer, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and non-small
cell lung cancer; results of phase III studies are urgently anticipated.
Fatigue is one of the most common adverse effects of sunitinib, as
50-70% of patients with advanced RCC and GIST complained of this
adverse effect. Other adverse effects are diarrhea, anorexia, nausea and
vomiting, oral changes and bleeding events. Most toxicities are
reversible and should not result in discontinuation of sunitinib. If
necessary, dose adjustments or interruptions should be made.
Hypothyroidism has been described in the first 2 weeks of sunitinib
therapy and its incidence increases progressively with the duration of
therapy. Sunitinib may exert its hypertensive activity through a direct
effect on the vasculature, while its most important cardiac adverse
effect is left ventricular dysfunction. A variety of skin adverse
effects have been described with the use of sunitinib such as hand-foot
syndrome, yellow discoloration of the skin, dry skin, subungual splinter
hemorrhages, acral erythema, and generalized skin rashes. Administration
of sunitinib in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting of patients with
RCC and of its combination with chemotherapy and other targeted
therapies are currently under intense investigation
Targeted therapeutic approaches for hormone-refractory prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related death in
men, and remains incurable in the metastatic setting. Despite the
initial response to androgen deprivation, the disease gradually
progresses to a hormone-refractory state due to cumulative genetic
alterations in tumour cells or the microenvironment. Docetaxel
represents the first chemotherapeutic agent with a small survival
benefit for metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). In an
attempt to improve survival benefit, several novel drugs targeting
specific pathways involved in cell signaling, proliferation,
angiogenesis, apoptosis and immune modulation are currently under
investigation either as single agents or in combination with cytotoxic
drugs. Clinical trials evaluate the inhibition of prostate cancer cells
growth by targeting the nuclear receptor of vitamin D alongside
cytotoxic therapy. Angiogenesis inhibitors as well as epidermal growth
factor receptor blockage are also under clinical investigation in
several combinations. Immunomodulatory agents and autologous dendritic
cells or allogenic whole cell vaccines have progressed up to phase III
trials. New drugs targeting bone microenvironment or apoptotic and
proliferation pathways may enhance antitumour activity of chemotherapy
in HRCP. Given the complexity of mechanisms underlying prostate cancer
progression, future therapeutic strategies should rely on
multidisciplinary approaches, thus exploiting newer molecular targets in
concert with immunotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Here, we review
the latest clinical evidence regarding the use of novel agents in HRPC.
(C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
S-1: a promising new oral fluoropyrimidine derivative
The fluoropyrimidine anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is active in
a wide range of solid tumors, particularly gastric, colorectal, and head
and neck cancers. Whilst infusional 5-FU is associated with higher
response rates and a favorable safety profile compared with the
classical i.v. bolus administration, prolonged infusions can be
inconvenient for the patients, and catheter-related problems are common
complications. An oral 5-FU formulation would allow for sustained 5-FU
plasma concentrations, mimicking the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a
continuous infusion with the addition of convenience of administration.
The oral administration of 5-FU itself is not feasible owing to the high
activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in the gut wall, which
causes rapid metabolism of the drug and results in decreased and erratic
absorption of 5-FU and nonlinear PK. To bypass this problem, oral
fluoropyrimidine derivatives were developed either in the form of 5-FU
prodrugs (i.e., tegafur, doxifluridine or capecitabine), or as enzyme
inhibitors (i.e., eniluracil) administered with 5-FU, or as both
prodrugs and enzyme inhibitors (i.e., 5-1, UFT or BOF-A2). This review
focuses on the oral fluoropyrimidine S-1, which consists of the 5-FU
prodrug tegafur (ftorafur FT) and two enzyme inhibitors, CDHP
(5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine) and OXO (potassium oxonate), in a molar
ratio of 1(FT):0.4 (CDHP):1(OXO). Phase II trials have demonstrated that
SA as a single agent, is active for the treatment of gastric,
colorectal, head and neck, breast, non-small cell lung, and pancreatic
cancers. Phase III trials are currently underway in gastric cancer and
these results are awaited to confirm the Phase 11 findings. Furthermore,
the combination of S-1 with cisplatin (CDDP), irinotecan or docetaxel
for the treatment of gastric cancer and with CDDP for non-small cell and
pancreatic cancer is feasible and active. The activity observed with S-1
in the Phase II studies is at least equivalent to, if not better than,
continuous i.v. and bolus 5-FU and the other oral fluoropyrimidines.
Thus, we may finally be seeing the realization of oral treatments for
the management of various solid tumors and could be on the brink of a
new approach to treatment strategies