CONSTRUCTING A STAGE FOR PLAY: SPORT, RECREATION, AND LEISURE IN LONDON, ONTARIO, 1867-1914

The central question raised in this study is how were sport, leisure, and recreation practices established in London, Ontario between 1867 and 1914. Specifically, how and why did this aspect of people’s lives become increasingly constructed and regulated. Substantively, this investigation is concerned with the process through which forms of sport, recreation, and leisure were shaped within the public, private, and commercial spheres. This historical study examines the place of sport, recreation, and leisure in one Canadian city. It is necessary that the local experience be understood prior to considering studies of larger geographical regions. In order to assess this specific local experience, case studies of sport, recreation, and leisure practices and the spaces and facilities where they took place were employed. Parks and local government buildings were amongst the earliest sites for organized public recreation. Swimming, and the provisions of publicly accessible swimming facilities, became an issue of protracted debate primarily over financial concerns, public morality and, later, public safety. Commercial recreation including billiards, bowling, skating, the theatre, and steam boats, afforded local entrepreneurs and investors the opportunity to make a profit and influence how Londoners played. These practices were regulated primarily through local legislation and were later influenced by the developing recreation bureaucracy. Finally, London’s elite citizens found their sport, recreation, and leisure refuge in private clubs such as the early London Tecumseh’s Baseball Club, the Forest iii City Cycling Club and, later, the London Lawn Bowling Club. These organizations became institutionalized through actions that included membership restrictions and structured sets of rules both within the clubs and related leagues and associations. These clubs sought to distance themselves from the broader community, and when this space could not be maintained, the associated practice was abandoned in favour of alternative activities which reinforced this exclusivity. Ultimately, this investigation is concerned with the construction, regulation and organization of leisure, recreation, and sport in everyday life. To these ends, it is necessary to consider how and why this aspect of people’s lives became increasingly constructed and regulated. As a result, the emergence of a leisure and recreation bureaucracy served to shape the growth of public, commercial, and private recreation organizations. Therefore, the manner in which sport, recreation, and leisure practices altered their form and function within London must be viewed as having been influenced by the increasing need to regulate and organize all aspects of people’s lives

Spaces and Places to Play : The Formation of a Municipal Parks System in London, Ontario, 1867-1914

How a municipal parks system formed in London following Confederation provides insight into the struggle that existed between public recreation and those who championed its provision, and political leaders concerned with the expense of providing public parks. Victoria, Queen’s and Springbank Parks, all formed in the 1870s, provided Londoners with public spaces to recreate. Each park came into being for different reasons and served specific recreation and leisure roles. Not until the turn of the century, however, did growing pressure from external and internal social reform movements such as national playground initiatives lead London to organize their parks into a coherent system through the formalization of a recreation bureaucracy.De la lutte qui eut lieu entre ceux qui défendaient l’idée de développer une politique de loisirs publics, et ceux qui s’inquiétaient des dépenses que la réalisation d’une telle politique entraînerait, le cas des parcs municipaux établis à London après la Confédération est particulièrement significatif. Les Parcs Victoria, Queen’s et Springbank ouverts dans les années 1870, ont offert aux habitants de London des espaces de loisirs publics. Chaque parc fut créé pour des raisons différentes et répondait à des fonctions de récréologie et de loisirs diversifiées. Ce n’est qu’à la fin du siècle que les pressions de plus en plus importantes exercées par des mouvements sociaux aussi bien internes que externes, comme par exemple les initiatives nationales pour l’établissement de lieux de loisirs, ont conduit la ville de London à organiser ses parcs dans un système cohérent par la mise sur pied d’un service administratif spécial chargé de les gérer