Supersymmetry Breaking and Gravitino Production after Inflation in Modular Invariant Supergravity

By using a string-inspired modular invariant supergravity, which was proved well to explain WMAP observations appropriately, a mechanism of supersymmetry breaking (SSB) and Gravitino Production just after the end of inflation are investigated. Supersymmetry is broken mainly by F-term of the inflaton superfield and the Goldstino is identified to be inflatino in this model, which fact is shown numerically. By using the canonically normalized and diagonalized scalars, the decay rates of these fields are calculated, for both the $T$ and $Y$ into gravitinos. Non-thermal production of gravitinos is not generated from the inflaton (dilaton), since the inflaton mass is lighter than gravitino, but they are produced by the decay of modular field $T$ and scalar field $Y$. Because the reheating temperature $T_R$ is about order $\sim O(10^{10})$ GeV and the mass of gravitino is $3.16 \times 10^{12}$ GeV, it is not reproduced after the reheating of the universe. The gravitinos are produced almost instantly just after the end of inflation through $Y$ and $T$, not from inflaton. Because the decay time appears very rapid, gravitinos disappear before the BBN stage of the universe. The effects of the lightest supersymmetric particles (LSP) produced by gravitinos may be important to investigate more carefully, if the LSP's are the candidate of dark matter.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure

Dilatonic Inflation, Gravitino and Reheating in Modified Modular invariant Supergravity

A new modified string-inspired modular invariant supergravity model is proposed and is applied to realize the slow roll inflation in Einstein frame, so that the model explains WMAP observations very well. Gravitino mass and their production rate from scalar fields are estimated at certain values of parameters in the model. Seven cases of parameter choices are discussed here, among which some examples show the possibility of observation of gauginos by LHC experiments, which will give some hints of identity of dark matters. The reheating temperature, which is estimated by the stability condition of Boltzmann equation by using the decay rates of the dilaton $S$ into gauginos, is lower than the mass of gravitino. Therefore no thermal reproduction of gravitinos happens. The ratio between the scalar and tensor power spectrum is predicted to be almost the same for the seven cases under study, and its value $r \sim 6.8 \times 10^{-2}$ seems in the range possibly observed by the Planck satellite soon. The plausible supergravity model of inflation, which will be described here, will open the hope to construct a realistic theory of particles and cosmology in this framework, including yet undetected objects.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, 2 table

Characterization of individual particles in water samples from the Fuji and Sagami Rivers, central Japan by SEM-EDX

The selective enrichment behaviors of labile substances such as hydroxides to the surface of specificmineral particles in river water were clarified by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). Individual prarticles with particle size between 0.45 and 10μm other than diatom in water samples from the Fuji and Sagami rivers, central Japan were analyzed by SEM-EDX and classified into seventeen groups according to the chemical composition and the shape. Phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, manganese and copper detected in each particle could be used successfully in order to elucidate the insoluble components secondary formed in river water, because the detection frequencies of such elements are usually quite low or negligible in fresh mineral particles derived from igneous rocks. Almost all parts of manganese detected in individual particles are ones adsorbed afresh as the hydroxides together with iron and aluminum. Anions such as phosphorus, sulfur and chlorin form the complexes with the hydroxides and/or are incorporated in them. The detection frequencies of such labile species were predominantly high in Mg and/or Ca rich aluminosilicates.Article信州大学山地水環境教育研究センター研究報告 2: 69-73(2004)departmental bulletin pape

Backward shifts on function algebras

J.R. Holub (1988) 1101 introduced the concept of backward shift on Banach spaces. We show that an infinite-dimensional function algebra does not admit a backward shift. Moreover, we define a backward quasi-shift as a weak type of a backward shift, and show that a function algebra A does not admit it, under the assumption that the Choquet boundary of A has at most finitely many isolated points.ArticleJOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS. 377(1):135-144 (2011)journal articl

M4 muscarinic receptor knockout mice display abnormal social behavior and decreased prepulse inhibition

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In the central nervous system (CNS), the muscarinic system plays key roles in learning and memory, as well as in the regulation of many sensory, motor, and autonomic processes, and is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of several major diseases of the CNS, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and schizophrenia. Previous studies reveal that M₄muscarinic receptor knockout (M₄R KO) mice displayed an increase in basal locomotor activity, an increase in sensitivity to the prepulse inhibition (PPI)-disrupting effect of psychotomimetics, and normal basal PPI. However, other behaviorally significant roles of M₄R remain unclear.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study, to further investigate precise functional roles of M₄R in the CNS, M₄R KO mice were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests. M₄R KO mice showed no significant impairments in nociception, neuromuscular strength, or motor coordination/learning. In open field, light/dark transition, and social interaction tests, consistent with previous studies, M₄R KO mice displayed enhanced locomotor activity compared to their wild-type littermates. In the open field test, M₄R KO mice exhibited novelty-induced locomotor hyperactivity. In the social interaction test, contacts between pairs of M₄R KO mice lasted shorter than those of wild-type mice. In the sensorimotor gating test, M₄R KO mice showed a decrease in PPI, whereas in the startle response test, in contrast to a previous study, M₄R KO mice demonstrated normal startle response. M₄R KO mice also displayed normal performance in the Morris water maze test.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These findings indicate that M₄R is involved in regulation of locomotor activity, social behavior, and sensorimotor gating in mice. Together with decreased PPI, abnormal social behavior, which was newly identified in the present study, may represent a behavioral abnormality related to psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia.</p

Double viral vector technology for selective manipulation of neural pathways with higher level of efficiency and safety

Pathway-selective gene delivery would be critical for future gene therapy against neuropsychiatric disorders, traumatic neuronal injuries, or neurodegenerative diseases, because the impaired functions depend on neural circuits affected by the insults. Pathway-selective gene delivery can be achieved by double viral vector techniques, which combine an injection of a retrograde transport viral vector into the projection area of the target neurons and that of an anterograde viral vector into their somas. In this study, we tested the efficiency of gene delivery with different combinations of viral vectors to the pathway extending from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the cortical motor regions in rats, considered to be critical in the promotion of motor recovery from neural injuries. It was found that retrograde recombinant adeno-associated virus 2-retro (rAAV2reto) combined with anterograde AAVDJ (type2/type4/type5/type8/type9/avian/bovine/caprine chimera) exhibited the highest transduction efficiency in the short term (3-6 weeks) but high toxicity in the long term (3 months). In contrast, the same rAAV2reto combined with anterograde AAV5 displayed moderate transduction efficiency in the short term but low toxicity in the long term. These data suggest that the combination of anterograde AAV5 and retrograde rAAV2retro is suitable for safe and efficient gene delivery to the VTA-cortical pathway