<Original>Studies on Hemicelluloses in Tension Wood : II. Structural Studies on Xylans from Tension, Opposite and Side Woods of Japanese Beech (Fagus crenata Blume)

この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。Structural differences in three 4-0-methyl-glucuronoxylans from tension, opposite and side woods of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume) were investigated. Each 4-0-methyl-glucuronoxylan was isolated from the 1 % potassium hydroxide extract and purified by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. The weight average molecular weights of three xylans were similar and estimated to be in the range of 20,000-25,000 by gel filtration. A structural analysis by the methylation method and ^C-n.m.r. spectroscopy showed that no substantial differences were detected between these three xylans. ^C-N.m.r. spectroscopy was used in determination of the ring size, anomeric configuration, the position of 0-glycosidation and the purity of these xylans, suggesting the effectiveness of this technique for characterization of polysaccharides in wood

Software Defined Networking Firewall for Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Systems

[EN] Purpose: In order to leverage automation control data, Industry 4.0 manufacturing systems require industrial devices to be connected to the network. Potentially, this can increase the risk of cyberattacks, which can compromise connected industrial devices to acquire production data or gain control over the production process. Search engines such as Sentient Hyper-Optimized Data Access Network (SHODAN) can be perverted by attackers to acquire network information that can be later used for intrusion. To prevent this, cybersecurity standards propose network architectures divided into several networks segments based on system functionalities. In this architecture, Firewalls limit the exposure of industrial control devices in order to minimize security risks. This paper presents a novel Software Defined Networking (SDN) Firewall that automatically applies this standard architecture without compromising network flexibility. Design/methodology/approach: The proposed SDN Firewall changes filtering rules in order to implement the different network segments according to application level access control policies. The Firewall applies two filtering techniques described in this paper: temporal filtering and spatial filtering, so that only applications in a white list can connect to industrial control devices. Network administrators need only to configure this application-oriented white lists to comply with security standards for ICS. This simplifies to a great extent network management tasks. Authors have developed a prototype implementation based on the OPC UA Standard and conducted security tests in order to test the viability of the proposal. Findings: Network segmentation and segregation are effective counter-measures against network scanning attacks. The proposed SDN Firewall effectively configures a flat network into virtual LAN segments according to security standard guidelines. Research limitations/implications: The prototype implementation still needs to implement several features to exploit the full potential of the proposal. Next steps for development are discussed in a separate section. Practical implications: The proposed SDN Firewall has similar security features to commercially available application Firewalls, but SDN Firewalls offer additional security features. First, SDN technology provides improved performance, since SDN low-level processing functions are much more efficient. Second, with SDN, security functions are rooted in the network instead of being centralized in particular network elements. Finally, SDN provides a more flexible and dynamic, zero configuration framework for secure manufacturing systems by automating the rollout of security standard-based network architectures. Social implications: SDN Firewalls can facilitate the deployment of secure Industry 4.0 manufacturing systems, since they provide ICS networks with many of the needed security capabilities without compromising flexibility. Originality/value: The paper proposes a novel SDN Firewall specifically designed to secure ICS networks. A prototype implementation of the proposed SDN Firewall has been tested in laboratory conditions. The prototype implementation complements the security features of the OPC UA communication standard to provide a holistic security framework for ICS networks.This research has been partially funded by the European Commission, under Grant Agreement 723710.Tsuchiya, A.; Fraile Gil, F.; Koshijima, I.; Ortiz Bas, Á.; Poler, R. (2018). Software Defined Networking Firewall for Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Systems. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management. 11(2):318-332. https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2534S31833211

<Note>Application of APT Pulse Sequence to Facilitate ^<13>C-NMR Analysis of Lignin

この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。A convenient J-modulation pulse sequence, Attached Proton Test (APT) technique has been applied to the acetylated milled wood lignin from akamatsu wood. Signals originating from p-acetylared guaiacyl nuclei were estimated by comparing two types of acetylated milled wood lignin, p-methylated (MWLma) and p-acetylated (MWLa) preparations from the softwood. Reaction of diazomethane with cinnamaldehydes in the lignin was confirmed from the APT spectra of both acetylated fractions

<Note>Periodate Oxidation of Mercerized Cellulose and Regenerated Cellulose

この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。Periodate oxidation of commercial cellulose powder, cellulose powder prepared through merceration with 17.5% aqueous sodium hydroxide, and cellulose powder regenerated as precipitate from the cellulose solution was attempted and compared each other from the point of susceptibility ^toward oxidation. As a result, chemical evidence was obtained that the different susceptibility to periodate oxidation of various types of celluloses might be ascribable to the variation of non-crystallinity in cellulose

<Original>Enzymatic Saccharification of Woody Plants : II. Synergistic Effects on Enzymatic Saccharification

この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。Four different lignocellulosic materials including a softwood (AKAMATSU, Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.), a hardwood (BUNA, Fagus crenata Blume), a gramineous plant (bamboo, Phyllostachis edulis A. & Ribiere) and an agricultural waste (rice straw) were subjected to ball-milling and microwave heating pretreatments, and enzymatically saccharified using commercially available cellulases together with a cellulase preparation extracted from worker termites of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Since the use of termite cellulase brought about only a lower yield of reducing sugar in saccharification owing to its significantly low cellulolytic activity. However, synergistic effects induced by using mixed enzyme preparations occurred to result in a good yield of reducing sugars. Similar synergistic effects were also shown to occur in enzymatic saccharification of organosolve-delignified pulps of a softwood (AKAEZOMATSU, Picea glehnii Mast.) and a hardwood (MIZUNARA, Quercus mongolica Fish. var. grosseserrata Rehd. et Wils.). Present results suggest that the synergistic effects could widely be applicable to enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic materials

<Ogirinal>Properties of Enzyme-Unhydrolyzable Residue of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes Isolated from Beech Wood

この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。Water-soluble lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC-W) isolated from beech MWL were treated twice with commercial cellulase (ONOZUKA R-10). The unhydrolyzable fraction precipitated by enzyme treatment was divided into three fractions according to the previous report. All fractions contained neutral sugars and uronic acid. Composition and methylation analysis of sugars remaining in each fraction indicated that xylose, arabinose and galactose residues are linked to lignin possibly by benzyl ether linkage at C-2 or C-3, C-5 and C-6 positions, respectively. The results from alkaline treatment also suggested that these sugars are directly linked to lignin. The existence of alkali-stable linkage between lignin and carbohydrate also was characterized. An analysis of phenolic hydroxy group of lignin moiety suggested that phenol-glycoside linkage is not involved. The results of spectroscopic analysis indicated that lignin moiety in LCC-W consisted of typical hardwood lignin