Using Rounding Function in the Problems of Finite-Element Analysis

This work offers to supplement polynomial elements used by the step function of Heaviside and rounding functions which allows to simplify and formalise the record of test piecewise continuous function applying it for continual problems solution by the method of Galerkin.Key words: Finite element method; Galerkin; Rounding functio

Elite opinion and foreign policy in post-communist Russia

Russian elite opinion on matters of foreign policy may be classified as ‘Liberal Westerniser’, ‘Pragmatic Nationalist’ and ‘Fundamentalist Nationalist’, terms that reflect longstanding debates about the country’s relationship with the outside world. An analysis of press statements and election manifestoes together with a programme of elite interviews between 2004 and 2006 suggests a clustering of opinion on a series of strategic issues. Liberal Westernisers seek the closest possible relationship with Europe, and favour eventual membership of the EU and NATO. Pragmatic Nationalists are more inclined to favour practical co-operation, and do not assume an identity of values or interests with the Western countries. Fundamentalist Nationalists place more emphasis on the other former Soviet republics, and on Asia as much as Europe, and see the West as a threat to Russian values as well as to its state interests. Each of these positions, in turn, draws on an identifiable set of domestic constituencies: Liberal Westernisers on the promarket political parties, Pragmatic Nationalists on the presidential administration and defence and security ministries, and Fundamentalist Nationalists on the Orthodox Church and Communists

Check-list of Scrophulariaceae Juss. s. l. of North Asia

A synopsis of families Scrophulariaceae, Plantaginaceae, Orobanchaceae, Linderniaceae, Phrymaceae, and Mazaceae (i. e., Scrophulariaceae Juss. In the traditional sense = Scrophulariaceae s. l.) for North Asia is given. One subspecies (Linaria vulgaris subsp. pinetorum Kosachev) is described, the genus Deinostema T. Yamazaki is lectotypified. Scrophularia canescens Bong. is a new species in the flora of Mongolia. Veronica spuria L. is excluded from the flora of Mongolia and Scrophularia hilbigii Jäger is reduced to synonymy of S. canescens Bong

A new location of rare and listed in the "Red Book of the Altai Region" species for the Ust'-Pristan District of the Altai Region

The article contains a new distribution data of rare plant species listed in the "Red Data Book of the Altai Region" for the territory of the Ust'-Pristan District of the Altai Region. During the study of the flora of this region, five species of rare plants, previously not listed for the area, were found, as well as two species for which new places in the area were discovered. In addition, for each species, information about the new location, distribution in the Altai Region and a common one, as well as a map is given

Change of parametersof physiological state in Veronica spicata spicata L. s.str. in the flowering period under the influence of coal and rock dust in the territory of the Karakan Range (Kemerovo Region)

The influence of technogenesis associated with the development of the coal mining industry is multifaceted. One of the factors affecting the natural coal mining in the open method is coal and rock dust. To assess the response of plants to this effect, information was used on the change in the concentration of pigments obtained for three field seasons (2015-2017 g) obtained by spectrophotometry. The article gives information on the change in the content of chlorophylls in the leaves of one of Veronica spicata spicata L. s.str. veronica observation objects, which is a species with wide ecological amplitude. It is shown that the variability of the chlorophyll a and b concentrations in Veronica spicata serves as a reliable indicator in determining the degree of negative impact of coal and rock dust on plants

MODELLING THE PROCESSES OF HYGROTHERMAL MECHANICS IN RICE DRYING

Grain-crops are justly considered to be the staple food in Russia as well as all over the world. The specific feature is that postharvest processing of the grain and, above all, drying is an essential stage of providing products of high quality in the sufficient amount. The changes of the technological parameters of the drying process which take place over time, have a significant practical value in terms of monitoring the process and defining the modes providing the quality of the product as well as calculating energy demands necessary to carry out this process. Hereof, the quality of the product received is defined by minimum crack formation of rice grain after the process. The aim of the work is to get a mathematical model of hygrothermal mechanics of rice drying. On the basis of A.V. Lykov’s system of differential equations which describe the changes in moisture content, temperature and pressure, transition to the system of ordinary differential equations was offered which is based on drawing up balance of mass and heat during the process of drying. This approach does not consider the properties of moisture content and temperature within the material but takes into account their mean value. Using a simplified model of hygrothermal mechanics of rice drying that we have got enabled us to reproduce the process of drying in the conditions of minimum crack formation within the studied range (the temperature of the drying agent from 50 to 70 °C, speed from 2.3 to 2.8 м/sеk). The dependences we have got enable us to predict the quality of rice grain during drying

Green technologies with use of carbon dioxide in the food industry

The experience of the development of social States shows that there is a direct relationship between economic, social and environmental development and the innovative orientation of industrial policy. In other words, the main goal of industrial policy should be to ensure a high level of quality of life, social guarantees and environmental safety, achieved through the innovative development of a certain set of industries. One of these industries is the food industry. Its main goal at the present stage is to ensure ecological and social type of economic growth. Innovation in the food industry, bringing economic, environmental and social effects should be a priority in the formation of innovation and industrial policy. Such innovations in the food industry in Russia developed a lot, but the tools to stimulate their implementation is clearly not enough. When considering the issues of innovation in the food industry, it is necessary to take into account that at the present time the main thing is not only the price-quality, but environmental and social impact on consumers. All issues of innovation in the food industry need to pay more attention to the development of "Green" technologies. Solvents from among supercritical liquids are considered to be promising. Most carbon dioxide is used because of its inherent advantages in CO2. Application in a complex with extraction of the membrane extraction purification of the received oil with use of carbon dioxide allows to present an effective complex "green" technology with use of carbon dioxide

Two-dimensional model of material flow in a screw channel with a fixed cover

Features of the viscous-plastic material flow through the screw channel are studied. A promising direction in this case is the transport models determined by the hydrodynamics of the phase transition. The author also analyzed the effect of dimensions on the flow rate of a viscous-plastic material. The material situated in the channel of the rotating auger and bounded by the fixed body will start to move in a translational motion along the channel due to the shear deformation that appears in it, this is where a forced flow appears. The main parameters that determine the volume flow rate are the depth and width of the channel, the diameter of the screw and the frequency of its rotation. A necessary condition for the existence of this flow is the persistence of shear stress in the material, which is possible only if the material has a certain viscosity. The condition of the return flow is the excessive pressure created by the resistance of the head. We assume the case when in these conditions the auger does not move. Then, under the action of pressure from the side of the head, the material will flow from it along the screw channel – in the opposite direction. The volume flow rate of the counter-flow also depends on the depth of the channel, on the diameter and length of the screw, on the viscosity of the material and on the pressure in the head. In practice, however, there is never a countercurrent in the auger channel, and the head pressure exerts a kind of limitation on the direct flow, which is theoretically viewed as a countercurrent, and the productivity of the screw supercharger is the total flow of the two flows. To account for the geometry of the channel, the author developed a mathematical model of the velocity head in a rectangular channel. The resulting equation makes it possible to determine the shear stress in terms of the shear rate of the material. Taking into account the symmetry and linearity of the velocity distribution in the channel with respect to its midpoint, an equation is obtained for the distribution of the shear rate along the height. The dependence, obtained as a result of the analytical solution of the two-dimensional Poisson equation, makes it possible to simplify considerably the calculation of the discharge-pressure characteristics of the extruder part of the screw presses for pressing vegetable oils with respect to the required screw rotation speed