LaAlO3:Mn4+ as near-infrared emitting persistent luminescence phosphor for medical imaging : a charge compensation study

Mn4+-activated phosphors are emerging as a novel class of deep red/near-infrared emitting persistent luminescence materials for medical imaging as a promising alternative to Cr3+-doped nanomaterials. Currently, it remains a challenge to improve the afterglow and photoluminescence properties of these phosphors through a traditional high-temperature solid-state reaction method in air. Herein we propose a charge compensation strategy for enhancing the photoluminescence and afterglow performance of Mn4+-activated LaAlO3 phosphors. LaAlO3:Mn4+ (LAO:Mn4+) was synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reaction in air. The charge compensation strategies for LaAlO3:Mn4+ phosphors were systematically discussed. Interestingly, Cl-/Na+/Ca2+/Sr2+/Ba2+/Ge4+ co-dopants were all found to be beneficial for enhancing LaAlO3:Mn4+ luminescence and afterglow intensity. This strategy shows great promise and opens up new avenues for the exploration of more promising near-infrared emitting long persistent phosphors for medical imaging

Charge transfer induced energy storage in CaZnOS:Mn : insight from experimental and computational spectroscopy

CaZnOS: Mn2+ is a rare-earth-free luminescent compound with an orange broadband emission at 612 nm, featuring pressure sensing capabilities, often explained by defect levels where energy can be stored. Despite recent efforts from experimental and theoretical points of view, the underlying luminescence mechanisms in this phosphor still lack a profound understanding. By the evaluation of thermoluminescence as a function of the charging wavelength, we probe the defect levels allowing energy storage. Multiple trap depths and trapping routes are found, suggesting predominantly local trapping close to Mn2+ impurities. We demonstrate that this phosphor shows mechanoluminescence which is unexpectedly stable at high temperature (up to 200 degrees C), allowing pressure sensing in a wide temperature range. Next, we correlate the spectroscopic results with a theoretical study of the electronic structure and stability of the Mn defects in CaZnOS. DFT calculations at the PBE+U level indicate that Mn impurities are incorporated on the Zn site in a divalent charge state, which is confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) is predicted from the location of the Mn impurity levels, obtained from the calculated defect formation energies. This LMCT proves to be a very efficient pathway for energy storage. The excited state landscape of the Mn2+ 3d(5) electron configuration is assessed through the spin-correlated crystal field and a good correspondence with the emission and excitation spectra is found. In conclusion, studying phosphors at both a singleparticle level (i.e. via calculation of defect formation energies) and a many-particle level (i.e. by accurately localizing the excited states) is necessary to obtain a complete picture of luminescent defects, as demonstrated in the case of CaZnOS: Mn2+

Red Mn4+-doped fluoride phosphors : why purity matters

Traditional light sources, e.g., incandescent and fluorescent lamps, are currently being replaced by white light-emitting diodes (wLEDs) because of their improved efficiency, prolonged lifetime, and environmental friendliness. Much effort has recently been spent to the development of Mn4+-doped fluoride phosphors that can enhance the color gamut in displays and improve the color rendering index, luminous efficacy of the radiation, and correlated color temperature of wLEDs used for lighting. Purity, stability, and degradation of fluoride phosphors are, however, rarely discussed. Nevertheless, the typical wet chemical synthesis routes (involving hydrogen fluoride (HF)) and the large variety of possible Mn valence states often lead to impurities that drastically influence the performance and stability of these phosphors. In this article, the origins and consequences of impurities formed during synthesis and aging of K2SiF6:Mn4+ are revealed. Both crystalline impurities such as KHF2 and ionic impurities such as Mn3+ are found to affect the phosphor performance. While Mn3+ mainly influences the optical absorption behavior, KHF2 can affect both the optical performance and chemical stability of the phosphor. Moisture leads to decomposition of KHF2, forming HF and amorphous hydrated potassium fluoride. As a consequence of hydrate formation, significant amounts of water can be absorbed in impure phosphor powders containing KHF2, facilitating the hydrolysis of [MnF6]2− complexes and affecting the optical absorption of the phosphors. Strategies are discussed to identify impurities and to achieve pure and stable phosphors with internal quantum efficiencies of more than 90%

Luminescence and x-ray absorption measurements of persistent SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy powders: evidence for valence state changes

The development of new efficient afterglow phosphors is currently hampered by a limited understanding of the persistent luminescence mechanism. Radioluminescence and x-ray absorption measurements on the persistent phosphor SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy were combined to reveal possible valence state changes for the rare earth (co)dopants. Traps in the phosphor material are quickly filled when exposing thermally emptied SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy powder to x-rays. On the same time scale, a partial oxidation of Eu2+ to Eu3+ is observed by XANES (x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy), while for the trivalent dysprosium the valence state remains unchanged. The impact of these observations on the recently proposed models for persistent luminescence is discussed