FACTORS AFFECTING PROLIFERATION AND ROOTING IN VITRO OF THE PEACH ROOTSTOCK GF-677 AND OF PETUNIA (PETUNIA HYBRIDA)

THE FACTORS STUDIED IN THIS PH.D THESIS WHICH AFFECT PROLIFERATION AND ROOTING OF IN VITRO CULTURES ARE THE PLANT SPECIES, THE KIND OF PLANT MATERIAL USED, THE TIME OF TANSPLANTING, THE GROWTH REGULATORS USED AND IN GENERAL THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CULTURE MEDIUM. OTHER FACTORS INCLUDE TEMPERATURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE OF CULTURE VESSELS, I.E. CONCENTRATION OF ETHYLENEAND CO2. FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE AND CO2 ON PROLIFERATION AND ROOTING, TWO SPECIES TESTED, NAMELY THE PEACH-ALMOND HYBRID (GF-677)WHICH IS WOODY SPECIES AND PETUNIA HYBRIDA PLANTS (A HERBACEOUS AND ANUAL SPECIES). FROM THIS RESEARCH WE CONCLUDED THAT THE MOST SUITABLE PLANT PART FOR THEINITIATION OF IN VITRO CULTURES OF GF-677 ARE THE HERBACEOUS SHOOT TIPS DERIVED FROM TREES IN CONTAINERS GROWN INTO A GREENHOUSE, DURING WINTER. FROM THE TESTED CYTOKININS BENZYLADENINE (BΑ) GAVE A GREATEST NUMBER OF PLANTLETS IN COMPARISON TO 2IP AT 1 MG/1. HOWEVER, 2IP GAVE LONGER PLANTLETS. THE PLANTLETS OF GF-677 START TO ROOT 12 DAYS AFTER TRANSFERING TO THE ROOTING MEDIUM CONTAINING IBA OR A-NAA. THE PERCENTAGE OF ROOTING WAS 100% AND IBA PRODUCED MORE ROOTS PER PLANT. WHEN SENESCENT CULTURES OF GF-677 WERE EXPOSED TO 3 C FOR 3 WEEKS THEIR PROLIFERATION RATE INCREASED TO 17,6 SHOOTS/CULTURE. ON THE CONTRARY EXPOSURE TO 22 C HAD AS A CONSEQUENCE THE DEATH OF SENESCENT CULTURES. WHEN THE CULTURES WERE PROVIDED WITH ETHYLENE AT A CONCENTRATION OF 0,1 PPM OR AFTER CLOSURE OF CULTURE VESSELS WITH RUBBER STOPPERS THE RATE OF PROLIFERATION AND THE PERCENTAGE OF ROOTING INCREASED. PETUNIA RESPONDED TO 10 PPM ETHYLENE AND GAVE 5 TIMES MORE ROOTS IN COMPARISON TO ZERO ETHYLENE. CO2 AT A CONCENTRATION OF 0,5% IN THEATMOSPHERE OF CULTURE VESSELS OF GF-677 INCREASED BY 50% THE WEIGHT OF CULTURES AND IN SOME CASES THE NUMBER AND LENGTH OF SHOOTS.ΟΙ ΠΑΡΑΓΟΝΤΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΟΠΟΙΟΙ ΕΠΗΡΕΑΖΟΥΝ ΤΗ ΒΛΑΣΤΟΓΕΝΕΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΡΙΖΟΓΕΝΕΣΗ ΣΕ IN VITRO ΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΕΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΟ ΕΙΔΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΦΥΤΙΚΟΥ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ, Η ΕΠΟΧΗ ΛΗΨΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΥΠΟΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΟΣ, Η ΘΕΡΜΟΚΡΑΣΙΑ ΚΑΙ Η ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΤΜΟΣΦΑΙΡΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΣΩΛΗΝΩΝ, ΔΗΛΑΔΗ Η ΣΥΓΚΕΝΤΡΩΣΗ Σ'ΑΥΤΗ ΤΟΥ ΑΙΘΥΛΕΝΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ CO2. ΓΙΑ ΠΛΗΡΕΣΤΕΡΗ ΚΑΤΑΝΟΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΡΟΛΟΥ ΤΟΥ CO2 ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΑΙΘΥΛΕΝΙΟΥ ΣΤΗ ΒΛΑΣΤΟΓΕΝΕΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΡΙΖΟΓΕΝΕΣΗ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΑΝ 2 ΕΙΔΗ ΤΟ GF-677 (ΥΒΡΙΔΙΟ ΡΟΔΑΚΙΝΙΑΣ ΧΑΜΥΓΔΑΛΙΑ) ΚΑ ΠΕΤΟΥΝΙΑ (ΠΟΩΔΕΣ ΕΤΗΣΙΟ ΦΥΤΟ). ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΑΥΤΗ ΠΡΟΕΚΥΨΕ ΟΤΙ ΤΟ ΚΑΤΑΛΛΗΛΟΤΕΡΟ ΥΛΙΚΟ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ IN VITRO ΠΟΛΛΑΠΛΑΣΙΑΣΜΟ ΤΟΥ GF-677 ΕΙΝΑΙ ΟΙ ΠΟΩΔΕΙΣ ΒΛΑΣΤΙΚΕΣ ΚΟΡΥΦΕΣ ΑΠΟ ΔΕΝΔΡΥΛΛΙΑ ΠΟΥ ΔΙΑΤΗΡΟΥΝΤΑΙ ΤΟ ΧΕΙΜΩΝΑ ΜΕΣΑ ΣΕ ΘΕΡΜΟΚΗΠΙΟ. ΑΠΟ ΤΙΣ ΚΥΤΟΚΙΝΙΝΕΣ Η ΒΑ ΕΔΩΣΕ ΜΕΓΑΛΥΤΕΡΟ ΑΡΙΘΜΟ ΒΛΑΣΤΩΝ ΣΕ ΣΧΕΣΗ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ 2ΙΡ ΟΜΩΣ ΣΕ ΣΥΓΚΕΝΤΡΩΣΗ 1 ΜG/1 ΕΔΩΣΕ ΠΙΟ ΕΠΙΜΗΚΕΙΣ ΒΛΑΣΤΟΥΣ. ΕΠΙΣΗΣ Ο ΜΕΓΙΣΤΟΣ ΑΡΙΘΜΟΣ ΒΛΑΣΤΩΝ ΕΞΑΣΦΑΛΙΣΤΗΚΕ ΜΕ Ο,01 MG/1 IAA. Η ΡΙΖΟΒΟΛΙΑ ΤΟΥ GF-677 ΑΡΧΙΖΕΙ ΤΗ 12Η ΗΜΕΡΑ ΣΕ ΥΠΟΣΤΡΩΜΑ WPM ΚΑΙ ΦΘΑΝΕΙ ΤΟ 100%. ΑΠΟ ΤΙΣ ΑΥΞΙΝΕΣ Η ΙΒΑ ΕΔΩΣΕ ΜΕΓΑΛΥΤΕΡΟ ΑΡΙΘΜΟ ΡΙΖΩΝ ΣΕ ΣΧΕΣΗ ΜΕ ΤΟ Α-ΝΑΑ. ΕΚΘΕΣΗ ΦΘΙΝΟΥΣΩΝ ΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΩΝ ΤΟΥ GF- 677 ΣΕ 3 C ΕΠΙ 3 ΕΒΔΟΜΑΔΕΣ ΑΥΞΗΣΕ ΤΗΝ ΟΡΓΑΝΟΓΕΝΕΤΙΚΗ ΙΚΑΝΟΤΗΤΑ (17,6 ΒΛΑΣΤΟΙ) ΕΝΩ ΣΕ 22 C ΟΙ ΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΕΣ ΔΕΝ ΑΝΑΒΛΑΣΤΗΣΑΝ. ΧΟΡΗΓΗΣΗ ΑΙΘΥΛΕΝΙΟΥ ΣΕ ΣΥΓΚΕΝΤΡΩΣΗ 0,1 ΡΡΜ 'Η ΚΛΕΙΣΙΜΟ ΤΩΝ ΣΩΛΗΝΩΝ ΙΣΤΟΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΑΣ ΜΕ ΕΛΑΣΤΙΚΟ ΠΩΜΑ ΑΥΞΗΣΕ ΤΟΝ ΑΡΙΘΜΟ ΤΩΝ ΒΛΑΣΤΩΝ ΣΤΟ GF-677 ΚΑΘΩΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΠΟΣΟΣΤΟ ΡΙΖΟΒΟΛΙΑΣ. ΣΤΗΝ ΠΕΤΟΥΝΙΑ ΜΕ 10 ΡΡΜ ΑΙΘΥΛΕΝΙΟΥ Ο ΑΡΙΘΜΟΣ ΡΙΖΩΝ ΥΠΕΡΠΕΝΤΑΠΛΑΣΙΑΣΤΗΚΕ ΤΟ CO2 ΣΕ ΣΥΓΚΕΝΤΡΩΣΗ0,1-0,5% ΣΕ IN VITRO ΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΕΣ ΤΟΥ GF-677 ΑΥΞΗΣΕ ΚΑΤΑ 50% ΤΟ ΒΑΡΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΩΝ ΚΑΘΩΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΝ ΑΡΙΘΜΟ ΚΑΙ ΜΗΚΟΣ ΒΛΑΣΤΩΝ ΣΕ ΟΡΙΣΜΕΝΕΣ ΜΟΝΟ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΕΙΣ

Volatile Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Peel, Flowers and Leaf Oils of Citrus aurantium L. Growing in Greece

The volatile constituents of the essential oils of the peel, flower (neroli) and leaves (petitgrain) of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) growing in Greece were studied by GC-MS. The analytical procedures enabled the quantitative determination of 31 components. More specifically, the components of the essential oils identified were: twelve in the peel, twenty-six in the flowers, and twenty and sixteen in old and young leaves, respectively. The major constituents of the different parts of Citrus aurantium L. essential oils were: β-pinene (0.62%–19.08%), limonene (0.53%–94.67%), trans-β-ocimene (3.11%–6.06%), linalool (0.76%–58.21%), and α-terpineol (0.13%–12.89%). The DPPH test demonstrated that the essential oils in the old leaves had the maximum antioxidant activity, followed by the flowers, young leaves and the peel in that order. This study updates the data in the literature on the essential oils of bitter orange, and provides information on the composition of the oils for a further evaluation of this product

Volatile Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Peel, Flowers and Leaf Oils of Citrus aurantium L. Growing in Greece

The volatile constituents of the essential oils of the peel, flower (neroli) and leaves (petitgrain) of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) growing in Greece were studied by GC-MS. The analytical procedures enabled the quantitative determination of 31 components. More specifically, the components of the essential oils identified were: twelve in the peel, twenty-six in the flowers, and twenty and sixteen in old and young leaves, respectively. The major constituents of the different parts of Citrus aurantium L. essential oils were: β-pinene (0.62%–19.08%), limonene (0.53%–94.67%), trans-β-ocimene (3.11%–6.06%), linalool (0.76%–58.21%), and α-terpineol (0.13%–12.89%). The DPPH test demonstrated that the essential oils in the old leaves had the maximum antioxidant activity, followed by the flowers, young leaves and the peel in that order. This study updates the data in the literature on the essential oils of bitter orange, and provides information on the composition of the oils for a further evaluation of this product