Acute Effects of Static and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Agility Performance in Elite Youth Soccer Players

Int J Exerc Sci 5(2) : 97-105, 2012. A warm-up is an important part of preparation for a soccer match. Stretching is typically part of the warm-up however, debate exists as to the most appropriate type of stretching to perform. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching on soccer-specific agility performance in 14 male elite, premier league youth soccer players. Participants completed 4 trials of the Balsom agility test while dribbling a soccer ball. Height, age, and body mass were collected in trial 1 and participants were accommodated to the agility test during trials 1 and 2. Trials 3 and 4 were the static and PNF treatment trials that were administered after a standardized warm-up (control) in a randomized and counterbalanced manner. There were no significant differences between the difference scores of the static and PNF stretching conditions, P = .66. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between the control and stretching trials for static stretching, P = .15 or between the control and stretching trials for PNF stretching, P = .58. Neither mode of stretching significantly affected agility performance. More research is needed to determine the chronic effects of PNF stretching on agility performance

Relative Age Effect Among Elite Youth Female Soccer Players across the United States

The consequence of relative age eff ect (RAE) has been an overrepresentation of athletes born early in the cohort and an underrepresentation of athletes born late in the cohort. There are signifi cantly fewer studies that examine this phenomenon among female soccer players. Therefore, the purpose was to determine the existence of RAEs among elite youth female soccer players competing in the Elite Clubs National League (ECNL) during the 2012-2013 season. Player birthdates (U14-U18 N=7,294) were collected from the ECNL and compared to the birthdates distribution for the general population. Data revealed a RAE across all age groups (U14-U18) indicating a preference for the selection of the oldest in the cohort. An overrepresentation of players was observed in Q1 and an underrepresentation of players in Q4 among the U14-U17 age groups. Among the u18 age group, an overrepresentation of players was detected in Q2 and an underrepresentation of players in Q4. The birthdate distribution for the fi rst and second halves of the playing season showed strong RAEs among the U14-U17 age groups. No statistically signifi cant diff erence was found between the fi rst and second halves of the playing season among players in the U18 age group