Appendix B. Average values for various chemical parameters for epilimnetic samples for the study lakes.

Average values for various chemical parameters for epilimnetic samples for the study lakes

Appendix A. Study lakes according to N deposition level and geographic region.

Study lakes according to N deposition level and geographic region

Appendix C. Average values for chlorophyll and seston (C, N, P) concentrations and C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios (molar) for the study lakes.

Average values for chlorophyll and seston (C, N, P) concentrations and C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios (molar) for the study lakes

What mediates tree mortality during drought in the southern Sierra Nevada?

<p>We used high-fidelity imaging spectroscopy (HiFIS) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) from the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO) to estimate the effect of forest dieback on species composition in response to drought stress in Sequoia National Park. Our aims were: (1) to quantify site-specific conditions that mediate tree mortality along an elevation gradient in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains; (2) to assess where mortality events have a greater probability of occurring; and (3) to estimate which tree species have a greater likelihood of mortality along the elevation gradient. The data-set include dead trees and highly stressed trees that were identified in 2015 in the forests of Sequoia National Park (SNP), along an elevation gradient in California’s southern Sierra. <br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p

Climate change refugia conservation cycle.

<p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0159909#pone.0159909.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for examples.</p

Alternative outcomes of identifying potential climate change refugia from observed and projected climate data using physical or ecological definitions.

<p>Observed climate data (e.g., Annual Temperature and Annual Precipitation) from occupied sites (blue squares mapped in geographic space; A) are extracted and plotted (blue squares; B and C). From these same sites, projected climate values are extracted and plotted in climatic space on the same axes (circles; C) to determine the amount of change expected; for a physical perspective, only sites that are expected to change less than a given threshold (green circles) are designated as climate change refugia. For an ecological perspective, information regarding the species environmental limits is modeled or experimentally determined (dotted line; B). Sites that are within this envelope after projected change are considered climate change refugia (green and orange circles; D). Thus, from both the physical and ecological perspectives, green circles are identified as climate change refugia and red circles are not, whereas orange circles are not identified as climate change refugia by the physical definition because they exceed the threshold of change but are designated as such by the ecological definition. Additionally, although currently unoccupied, gray circles represent sites that might be identified as climate change refugia as they are expected to represent suitable environmental conditions under both definitions. The spatial arrangement of climate change refugia and non-refugia (depending upon definition) are mapped in E.</p

A climate change refugium case study–American pikas and rocky refugial ecosystems.

<p>See [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0159909#pone.0159909.ref035" target="_blank">35</a>] and references therein. Photos by C. Millar.</p

Climate Change Refugia Conservation Cycle with Examples for Identifying, Managing, and Monitoring Climate Change Refugia.

<p>Climate Change Refugia Conservation Cycle with Examples for Identifying, Managing, and Monitoring Climate Change Refugia.</p

Examples of the physical basis for geographic locations likely to experience reduced rates of climate change.

<p>Examples of the physical basis for geographic locations likely to experience reduced rates of climate change.</p

Conceptual model of how climate change refugia might need to be managed differently into the future.

<p>Not all areas within the range of the resource (blue) are refugia, and some refugia within the range will persist longer into the future than others (i.e., their refugial characteristics are stronger). Darker blue identifies parts of the range that fall in clearly defined physical refugia, and lighter blue to white are parts of the range that fall in areas with little to no physical refugial value. Prioritization and protection of refugial locations are key management strategies in the near term. Longer term, as climate changes progress beyond the climatic tolerances of the initial refugial resources, refugial locations can be managed for resource transitions (orange) while present-day refugial resources can be promoted elsewhere (green).</p