Wooden Kremlins and Fortresses of the XVI-XVIII Centuries in the Kama Region

The article summarizes the results of a comprehensive historical study of the kremlins and fortresses of the Upper Kama region of the XVI–XVIII centuries. The main stages of the development of wooden defensive architecture in the region are traced. Stroganov fortresses and kremlins of Cherdyn, Solikamsk, Kungur, Osa and Yegoshikha settlement are described. It is noted that the change in the size of the sazhen (Russian unit of measurement) in the XVII century practically did not affect the standard of logging. The module of wooden construction is defined, which allows to reconstruct towers of different types with great accuracy, even by a brief description

Vertical Structure of the Milky Way Disk with Gaia DR3

Using a complete sample of about 330,000 dwarf stars, well measured by Gaia DR3, limited to the galactic north and south solid angles (Formula presented.) and up to a vertical distance of 2 kpc, we analyze the vertical structure of the Milky Way stellar disks, based on projected tangential velocities. From selected subsamples dominated by their corresponding population, we obtain the thin and thick disk scale heights as (Formula presented.) pc and (Formula presented.) pc, respectively. Then from the simultaneous fitting of the sum of two populations over the whole sample, assuming these scale heights, we estimate the thick-to-thin disk number density ratio at the galactic plane to be (Formula presented.), which is consistent with a previous result by the authors: in the galactic plane there is a significant number of thick disk stars, possibly as many as thin disk ones, which also points to the existence of more thick disk stars than generally thought. The overall fit does not closely follow the data for (Formula presented.) pc and points to the presence of more stars beyond the thin disk that cannot be accounted for by the two-disk model

The question of the essence of the concept «Conscious discipline»

From the ideological and moral maturity of young men and women, from their ability to consciously fulfill civic duties, to assert universal values, to observe discipline, ultimately, the success of reforms, the effective solution of economic, social, political and cultural problems depends. All this makes it necessary to analyze the degree of study in the scientific literature of the essence of the concept of «conscious discipline»От идейно-нравственной зрелости юношей и девушек, от их способности сознательно выполнять гражданские обязанности, утверждать общечеловеческие ценности, соблюдать дисциплину зависят, в конечном счете, успешность реформ, эффективное решение экономических, социальных, политических и культурных проблем. Все это и обусловливает необходимость анализа степени изученности в научной литературе сущности понятия «сознательная дисциплина