Structure and dynamics of the N-terminal loop of PsbQ from photosystem II of Spinacia oleracea

Infrared and Raman spectroscopy were applied to identify restraints for the structure determination of the 20 amino acid loop between two P-sheets of the N-terminal region of the PsbQ protein of the oxygen evolving complex of photosystem 11 from Spinacia oleracea by restraint-based homology modeling. One of the initial models has shown a stable fold of the loop in a 20 ns molecular dynamics simulation that is in accordance with spectroscopic data. Cleavage of the first 12 amino acids leads to a permanent drift in the root means square deviation of the protein backbone and induces major structural changes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Supports from the Institutional Research Concept of the Academy of Science of the Czech Republic (No. AVOZ60870520) and from the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (No. LC 06010, No. MSM0021620835, and No. MSM6007665808) and the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (Grant No. 206/03/D082) are gratefully acknowledged. This work was also funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (Project Ref.: BFU2004-04914-C02-02/BMC).Peer reviewe

DETERMINING THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL FLY ASH PARTICLES IN INFLUENCING THE VARIATION IN THE OVERALL PHYSICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH

The properties of fly ashes vary because of the differences in the properties of their individual particles, and the determination of variation in these properties is of interest to the industries which use pulverized raw fly ash in applications, such as in cementitious materials and in the recovery of certain rare elements from raw fly ash. To investigate the differences in individual particles, four pulverized raw fly ashes from thermal power plants of the Czech Republic were used in this research. It was observed from FE-SEM that all four fly ashes consist of glassy hollow spherical, solid spherical, porous spherical, bright spherical, porous slaggy and compact slaggy particles. Box and whisker diagrams were plotted from the data of EDX individual particle analyses, which showed that the data of percentages for the Si, Al, and Fe elements is more scattered as compared to other elements. It was further observed from ternary phase diagrams and pseudo coloured images, that nature of fly ash particles changes from alumino silicate glassy to alumino silicate calcite metallic to pure ferro-metallic,where glassy particles showed high percentages and pure calcite particles were absent in fly ashes. Furthermore, a comparison between the XRF, the EDX total area analyses, showed that the EDX individual particle analysis gives more realistic and reliable data with median, mean, and the standard deviation for percentages of each element present in the fly ashes