Foreign lobbying as an instrument of defense cooperation between Poland and the United States

Defence cooperation between Poland and the United States significantly affects the security agenda of Russia, the Baltic region, and Europe as a whole. On the one hand, Poland intends to become a key partner of the US in ensuring European security. On the other hand, it has ambitions to take the leading position in the security area among the Baltic States. The Polish leadership sees an additional advantage in expanding military cooperation with the United States, regarding it as a jumping board to accelerating its economic and technological development. This article examines a mechanism underlying defence cooperation between the US and Poland, i.e. lobbying Poland’s interests in another state. This allows Warsaw to actively promote its interests in the US. The research methodology employed includes the periodisation of Polish lobbying activities in the US and an empirical study of lobbying based on analysis of original documents, many of which have been analysed for the first time. It is shown that, under the existing party system, Poland will not abandon strategic partnership with the United States, primarily in security and defence. Over the study period, Poland quickly gained experience in promoting its interests in the US through direct lobbying, showing flexibility in negotiations, relying on the two-party support in the US Congress, successfully coordinating the activities of its governing bodies and various corporations which are submitted to tight state control

\u3cem\u3e Yersinia\u3c/em\u3e Outer Membrane Vesicles as Potential Vaccine Candidates in Protecting Against Plague

Despite the relatively low incidence of plague, its etiological agent, Yersinia pestis, is an exceptional epidemic danger due to the high infectivity and mortality of this infectious disease. Reports on the isolation of drug-resistant Y. pestis strains indicate the advisability of using asymmetric responses, such as phage therapy and vaccine prophylaxis in the fight against this problem. The current relatively effective live plague vaccine is not approved for use in most countries because of its ability to cause heavy local and system reactions and even a generalized infectious process in people with a repressed immune status or metabolic disorders, as well as lethal infection in some species of nonhuman primates. Therefore, developing alternative vaccines is of high priority and importance. However, until now, work on the development of plague vaccines has mainly focused on screening for the potential immunogens. Several investigators have identified the protective potency of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as a promising basis for bacterial vaccine candidates. This review is aimed at presenting these candidates of plague vaccine and the results of their analysis in animal models

Yersinia Outer Membrane Vesicles as Potential Vaccine Candidates in Protecting against Plague

Despite the relatively low incidence of plague, its etiological agent, Yersinia pestis, is an exceptional epidemic danger due to the high infectivity and mortality of this infectious disease. Reports on the isolation of drug-resistant Y. pestis strains indicate the advisability of using asymmetric responses, such as phage therapy and vaccine prophylaxis in the fight against this problem. The current relatively effective live plague vaccine is not approved for use in most countries because of its ability to cause heavy local and system reactions and even a generalized infectious process in people with a repressed immune status or metabolic disorders, as well as lethal infection in some species of nonhuman primates. Therefore, developing alternative vaccines is of high priority and importance. However, until now, work on the development of plague vaccines has mainly focused on screening for the potential immunogens. Several investigators have identified the protective potency of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as a promising basis for bacterial vaccine candidates. This review is aimed at presenting these candidates of plague vaccine and the results of their analysis in animal models

Electroluminescence of a zinc complex exciplex with a hole-transporting material

Results of theoretical and experimental studies of exciplex of a zinc complex Zn(DFP-SAMQ)2 with the hole-transporting layer of NPD are presented. It is shown that at least three different arrangements of Zn(DFP-SAMQ)2 and NPD molecules in the excited state result in the long-wavelength charge-transfer emission bands. At the same time, such systems are unstable in the ground state

Is the Permian–Triassic Mass Extinction Related to the Siberian Traps?

Abstract: The Siberian Traps are believed to play an essential role in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, although the link between these events is unclear. Plume ascent, its interaction with the lithosphere, and crustal rocks are considered as sources of volatile components that trigger mass extinction. Reliable estimations of the volumes of gases released during the basalt magma degassing that formed typical traps are few. In this work, the volatile contents in the parental melt of the Southern Maslovsky intrusion, which is a part of the PGE–Cu–Ni Maslovsky deposit in the Norilsk district in the Northwest Siberian Platform, were determined. The studied intrusion belongs to the ore-bearing Norilsk intrusive complex, which is coeval to the Morongovsky–Mokulaevsky Formations of the Siberian flood basalt province. The objects of this study were 8 silicate-melt inclusions in olivines from picritic gabbro-dolerites and 68 inclusions in clinopyroxenes, and 2 inclusions in olivines from olivine-bearing gabbro-dolerites. The composition of the parental melt in terms of major and trace element abundances was close to the main stage of the platform magmatism. The average volatile contents in melt inclusions were as follows: 4500 ppm H2O and Cl 1333 ppm, followed by trace amounts of F 387 ppm, S 743 ppm, CO2 1279 ppm, and B 4.18 ppm, typical of within-plate magmas. In addition, the contacts of igneous rocks with sedimentary deposits (carbonate-terrigenous rocks and coals) demonstrate the occurrence of narrow zones of alteration and the absence of a significant volume of gases that could influence the process of species extinction. There is no strict evidence of the influence of the Siberian traps on the Permian–Triassic mass extinction