A case study of trace metals in suspended particulate matter and biota before wastewater treatment plant from the Izmir Bay, Turkey

The concentrations of trace metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Fe) from suspended particulate matter (SPM) and biota in Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean Sea) were studied in order to evaluate the environmental impact of the anthropogenic metals before building of Wastewater Treatment Plant. SPM samples were collected in wet and dry periods from Izmir Bay. Metal concentrations in SPM (Cu, 0.36-2.19; Mn, 0.07-11.3; Ni, 0.43-7.81; Zn, 7.33-269; Fe, 1.00-266 mu gdm (-aEuro parts per thousand 3)) were comparable to those reported for other moderately polluted bays. Maximum metal concentrations in SPM were observed during summer season. SPM metal concentrations displayed a clear spatial trend with values increasing with proximity to urban centers. Cu and Zn concentrations in SPM were especially high in the inner bay. SPM were found to be contaminated by Zn. The vertical profile of Mn, Zn, and Ni concentrations in SPM had a maximal value at the upper layer and decreased to minimal value at the bottom layer of the inner bay in summer, in contrast to the observed pattern of Fe and Cu. Maximum Cu concentrations were obtained in Penaeus kerathurus. Also, maximum Zn and Fe concentrations were found in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Relatively high Cu levels were found in Sardina pilcardus and Mullus barbatus than other fish species. Besides, Cu levels were lower in Diplodus annularis and Merluccius merluccius. Finally, metal levels in biota tissues were lower than the limits of European Dietary Standards and Guidelines

Trace metals (Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe) contamination in marine sediment and zooplankton samples from Izmir Bay. (Aegean sea, Turkey)

Metal (Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe) concentrations in marine sediment and zooplankton were investigated in Izmir Bay of the Eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey. The study aimed to assess the levels of metal in different environmental compartments of the Izmir Bay. Metal concentrations in the sediment (dry weight) ranged between 4.26-70.8 mu g g(-1) for Cu, 233-923 mu g g(-1) for Mn, 14.9-127 mu g g(-1) for Ni, 25.6-295 mu g g(-1) for Zn, 12,404-76,899 mu g g(-1) for Fe and 38,226-91,532 mu g g(-1) for Al in the Izmir Bay. Maximum metal concentrations in zooplankton were observed during summer season in the inner bay. Significant relationships existed between the concentrations of certain metals (Al, Fe, Mn and Ni) in sediment, suggesting similar sources and/or similar geochemical processes controlling such metals. Higher concentrations of Cu, Zn and percent organic matter contents were found in the middle-inner bays sediments. Based on the correlation matrix obtained for metal data, organic matter was found to be the dominant factor controlling Cu and Zn distributions in the sediment. In general, mean Cu and Zn levels in the bay were above background concentrations in Mediterranean sediments. Zooplankton metal concentrations were similar to sediment distributions

Seasonal variations and distributions of dissolved free and total carbohydrates at the Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea

Seasonal variations and distributions of dissolved carbohydrate concentrations at the Izmir Bay were investigated with salinity, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels to understand their relationships. Samples were collected from surface, subsurface and bottom depths at seven stations. DOC concentrations ranged from 32.2 to 244.2 mu mol/L, and in general, DOC levels increased from winter to summer, then slightly decreased in autumn. Monosaccharide (MCHO), polysaccharide (PCHO) and total dissolved carbohydrate (TDCHO) levels were found between 0.7-8.3, 0.7-19.5, and 2.6-24.6 mu mol/L. DOC, MCHO, PCHO and TDCHO levels were found higher in middle-inner bays, under the influence of anthropogenic inputs, compared to outer bay. Seasonal changes of MCHO/DOC, PCHO/DOC and TDCHO/DOC ratios were statistically significant (p<0.05) and the ratios showed decrease trends from winter to summer-autumn seasons. Distributions of TDCHO/DOC ratios at wide ranges (2.5%-42.3%) indicated the presence of newly forming and degrading fractions of DOM. According to results of factor analysis, Chl a, MCHO and TDCHO were explained in the same factor groups. In conclusion, the results showed that dissolved carbohydrate levels in the Izmir Bay might be influenced by biological processes and terrestrial/anthropogenic inputs

Evaluations of heavy metal pollution in sediment and Mullus barbatus from the Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean) during 1997-2009

Izmir Bay is one of the great natural bays of the Mediterranean. The surface sediment and fish samples were collected during 1997-2009. The sediment concentrations of inner bay showed significant enrichments during sampling periods. Outer and middle bays exhibited low levels of metal enrichments except the estuary of Gediz River. The concentrations were generally higher than the background levels from the Mediterranean and Aegean except Cd and Pb levels gradually decreased. Metal EF is used as an index to evaluate anthropogenic influences of metals in sediments. Maximum metal enrichment was found for Hg in the outer bay, while Pb indicated maximum enrichment in the middle-inner bays. Metal levels were evaluated in sediments in accordance with the numerical SQG of the USEPA. The levels of fish tissues were lower than the results reported from polluted areas of the Mediterranean. The highest BAFs were detected for Hg and Cd in fish. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

A comparative study of two HPLC methods for dissolved monosaccharide analysis in seawater using 2-amino benzamide and 2-amino pyrazine as pre-column derivatization reagents

© 2021 Elsevier B.V.Two reversed-phase HPLC methods for molecular analysis of dissolved free monosaccharides in seawater were investigated comparatively by optimizing chromatographic separations and pre-column derivatization reactions. Monosaccharides derivatized with 2-amino benzamide or 2-amino pyrazine, and reduced with 2-picoline borane or 2-dimethylamino borane. According to results of optimization, separation performance, and detection limits, 2-amino benzamide method gave better results than 2-amino pyrazine method. Among 12 monosaccharides tested, it was possible to quantify glucose + galactose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, xylose + arabinose, ribose, mannose, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine with detection limits between 1.2 and 11 nM with intra-day repeatability of 2–9% and inter-day repeatability of 3–9%. The optimized method has the same level of detection limit with a widely used anion exchange chromatography method. Besides the preliminary results reported in this study, it may be possible to achieve higher sensitivity and to detect more monosaccharides by the use of shorter and narrow-bore columns at different polarities in further studies

Sediment concentrations of heavy metals in the Homa Lagoon (Eastern Aegean Sea): Assessment of contamination and ecological risks

The concentrations of heavy metals and organic carbon in sediment of the Homa Lagoon which is one of the most productive lagoons and commercial important active fish trap in the Eastern Aegean Sea, were investigated in order to describe the temporal and spatial distributions of metals. These results were used to evaluate possible ecological risks that could be a problem for the environment of the lagoon in the future. Sediments were enriched with Cr, Ni and considered as heavily polluted per the SQG. The C-f of Ni and Cr were presented moderate level of contamination in this area. The C-d levels indicated moderate degree of contamination at station B, C, D and E due to agricultural drainage water, industrial and domestic wastewater, are transported by the Gediz River. Sediments from Noma Lagoon were most toxic for Ni due to exceedances of the TEL and PEL values. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Eutrophication in ızmır bay, eastern aegean

The polluted waters of İzmir Bay were studied to measure the variations of biochemical and physical characteristics monthly or three-monthly. The spatial and temporal changes of nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, and ortho phosphate) and chlorophyll-a, temperature and salinity in the bay were monitored during the period of February 1990 - December 1992. The evaluated results were compared with the results obtained from the relatively unpolluted waters of the Aegean Sea. Eutrophication of the inner bay has already started, spreading progressively to the rest of the bay. The degree of eutrophication in the bay was assessed. The concentration of nutrients ranged between 0.21-2.51 µg-at 1-1 for PO4-P; 0.44-4.20 µg-at l-1 for N03-N; 0.11-3.50 µg-at I-1 for NO2-N. Chlorophyll-a concentration is between 0.7-39.1 µg l-1 and estimated primary productivity in the bay is 7–10 times higher than the offshore production in the region. The main reason for high primary production is the high terrestrial input. As expected total suspended solids concentrations is high, so that the water is turbid having extremely low penetration, the average depth of secchi disk is between 2–10 m. © 1995, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved

Biogeochemical behavior and distribution of biogenic silica in marine sediments from Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea (Turkey)

WOS: 000340977900001The distribution of BSi (biogenic silica) in surface sediment and pore water from Izmir Bay was investigated using Si-only and Si/Al methods for determining the appropriate methods. Surface sediment samples were collected using a box core from 15 stations in the inner Izmir Bay from March to May 2008. The relationships between biogenic silica, heavy metals and geochemical data were investigated. Si/Al ratios (weight/weight) ranged between 0.88-1.39 for positive BSi values and 1.21-12.409 for negative BSi values. The silica dissolution values showed a rapid increase in Al concentrations during the first 5 h of the experiment when the silica dissolved, followed by constant silica level at all stations. The dissolution curves in all stations have been stable in a maximum DSi (dissolved silica) value after 5 h. The linear curve of Al against the silica dissolution explained the biogenic silica content from intercept. The BSi measurements for this study give more accurate results according to the method of Si/Al. Factor analysis was used to determine the relationships between silica and geochemical data. BSi and Si-pore have a strong association with manganese. The diatomeae productivity in the water column has a significant importance on the stability of Mn in the sediment. Carbonate content of sediments controls the Mn anomalies from terrestrial sources in the bay. Maximum values of BSi at inner parts of the bay are due to the freshwater source at the deep. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Spatial Distribution Patterns, Sources of Heavy Metals, and Relation to Ecological Risk of Surface Sediments of the Cyprus Northern Shelf (Eastern Mediterranean)

In this study, the spatial distribution of metals and the sources of metal pollution were investigated along the Northern Shelf of Cyprus (Mediterranean Sea). The concentrations of heavy metals and organic matter were measured in sediments collected from the Gemi Konagi, Girne, and Gazi Magusa areas. Measured metal values were compared with Mediterranean background concentrations. Cu and Zn concentrations at the Gemi Konagi area and all of the Cr values were higher than Mediterranean backgrounds. The metal levels were evaluated by the enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (C-f) and degree of contamination (C-d). EF results indicated that heavy metal sources were probably originated from natural processes and mining activities. The C-f values of Hg indicated low contamination. The C-d (degree of contamination) values for all heavy metals also showed a low degree of contamination at the study area. Metal levels were also compared with the numerical Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) for an environmental risk assessment. Results showed that sediments were classified as heavily polluted by Cu and moderately polluted by Zn at Gemi Konagi and heavily polluted by Cr and Ni contamination at all sampling areas per the SQG

A survey of metal concentrations in marine sediment cores in the vicinity of an old mercury-mining area in Karaburun, Aegean Sea

WOS: 000401566600058PubMed ID: 28405925The aim of this study was to assess the historical trends of metal concentrations in coastal sediments in the vicinity of an inactive mining area, find background values and contamination levels of metals around the Karaburun peninsula, and then search for other sources of mercury in marine sediment cores using multivariate statistical analysis and report the potential ecological risks from that metal contamination. Surface sediment samples were taken from seven stations. Water depths were less than 20 m (coastal area) at stations KB07 and KB08. The depths at stations KB01, KB02, and KB03 were between 20 and 40 m, and stations KB05 and KB06 were more than 40 m (open area). In surface sediments at depths between 20 and 40 m, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Fe, Cd, Ti, Zr, Sn, As, Y, and Hg levels revealed higher contamination factors (C-f) compared to those of the coastal and open areas. Also, sediment samples were taken for historical records at stations KB01 and KB02 for 2012. Metal concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, As, Sb, Cr, Ba, Ti, Al, and Hg in the sediment core samples were significantly higher during the Holocene (similar to 5700 BC to 2000 B.C.) and Medieval Warm periods (similar to 1000 A.D. to 1400 A.D.) and tended to decrease towards the Little Ice Age (2200 B.C. to the birth of Jesus Christ). Background concentration of Hg in sediment was found as 1.67 mu g/g around the Karaburun peninsula. Average EF values higher than 20 were identified for As, Hg, Sb, and Ca. Ni and Hg levels were found above the PEL values. It was determined that the accumulation effect of Hg coming from the mafic rocks due to erosion in the marine environment was higher than that of Hg coming from the mine. The factor analyses showed an association between Hg, Ni, and Co. This reveals the importance of the contribution of mafic rocks reaching the marine environment by wave erosion. According to the factor analyses, high concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Sb, Ba, Ti, and Zr were detected in the lithogenic sources.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [111Y311]; Ege University Scientific Research ProjectEge University [2012/BIL/033]This work was financially supported in the framework of a research project by the The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, number of 111Y311) and Ege University Scientific Research Project (2012/BIL/033)