Евгеника в древнеиндийской культуре арийских племен

Eugenie în vechea cultură indiană a triburilor arieneDuring 1500 BC the nomadic tribes of the Aryan people migrated to the Indian subcontinent. They strongly believed in their superiority above the local inhabitants, and raised social barriers to create a perfect race. The ideal family and the birth (motherhood) of a son, as an offspring to continue father’s presence in earth, were of great importance. The union of a perfect couple, man and wife, was sacred. Ayurveda, which literally means “knowledge of life» was infiltrated in religion. Thus, Aryans divinised their views and eugenics conquered their minds, helped them to survive and at the end drove them to isolation, becoming their doom.Евгеника в древнеиндийской культуре арийских племе

Diagoras of Cyprus (3rd century BC) – an eminent oculist and opposer to the use of opium

The objective of this article is to showcase the use of opium in ancient times, as well as the beliefs surrounding it, focusing on the opinion of Diagoras of Cyprus, a physician with great knowledge of pharmacology who probably practiced ophthalmology, composing a rose-based collyrium. Opium, a drug produced from poppy, used to have several uses such as in anesthesia, pain relief and ritualistic purposes. There is evidence of its creation since before 5000BC. In Greece, the first documentation dates back to around 2600-1100 BC in Crete. Many ancient medico-philosophers used to utilize it in their practice, mentioning it in the majority of the medical texts of that time. However, there were others that disapproved of its use due to the possible side effects. Diagoras was one of them, as he categorized opium as a lethal substance that could cause severe problems to the vision. He may even have thought of the possible addiction that it can cause because of the euphoric state it puts a person in. Some practitioners mentioned Diagoras’s opinion on opium, such as Erasistratus and Pliny the Elder. Despite his contributions in opium usage and ophthalmology, Diagoras is still unappreciated as a medical figure

The anatomy of the medial collateral ligament of the knee and its significance in joint stability

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is the most important stabilizer of the medial side of the knee together with the capsuloligamentous complex. As such, it has a distinctive role in joint stability, as far as its biomechanics are concerned, and major joint stability issues onset when it is injured or deficient. One of the main functions of the medial collateral ligament is mechanical as it passively stabilizes the knee and help in guiding it through its normal range of motion when a tensile load is applied. It exhibits nonlinear anisotropic mechanical behaviour, like all ligaments, and under low loading conditions it is relatively compliant, perhaps due to recruitment of “crimped” collagen fibres as well as to viscoelastic behaviours and interactions of collagen and other matrix materials. Continued ligament-loading results in increasing stiffness until a stage is reached where it exhibits nearly linear stiffness and beyond this it continues to absorb energy until it is disrupted. In addition, the function of the MCL has to do with its viscoelasticity which assists the maintainance of joint congruity and homeostasis. The treatment of grade III medial collateral ligament injuries (with gross valgus instability at 0° of flexion) is still controversial. The most severe injuries (especially with severe valgus alignment, intra-articular medial collateral ligament entrapment, large bony avulsions, or multiple ligament involvement) may require acute operative repair or augmentation. In addition, surgical reconstruction is indicated for isolated symptomatic chronic medial collateral ligament laxity. The optimal surgical treatment remains controversial. More studies with evidence of level I and II are required in order to clarify the pros and cons of any solution

Detecting Targeted Attacks Using Shadow Honeypots

We present Shadow Honeypots, a novel hybrid architecture that combines the best features of honeypots and anomaly detection. At a high level, we use a variety of anomaly detectors to monitor all traffic to a protected network/service. Traffic that is considered anomalous is processed by a "shadow honeypot'' to determine the accuracy of the anomaly prediction. The shadow is an instance of the protected software that shares all internal state with a regular ("production'') instance of the application, and is instrumented to detect potential attacks. Attacks against the shadow are caught, and any incurred state changes are discarded. Legitimate traffic that was misclassified will be validated by the shadow and will be handled correctly by the system transparently to the end user. The outcome of processing a request by the shadow is used to filter future attack instances and could be used to update the anomaly detector. Our architecture allows system designers to fine-tune systems for performance, since false positives will be filtered by the shadow. Contrary to regular honeypots, our architecture can be used both for server and client applications. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach in a proof-of-concept implementation of the Shadow Honeypot architecture for the Apache web server and the Mozilla Firefox browser. We show that despite a considerable overhead in the instrumentation of the shadow honeypot (up to 20% for Apache), the overall impact on the system is diminished by the ability to minimize the rate of false-positives

GLAVNA OBILJEŽJA POVIJESTI ORTOPEDSKIH IMPLANTANATA KOD TRAUMA I ZAMJENE ZGLOBOVA

This manuscript represents an attempt to review orthopaedic implants and reconstructive orthopaedic surgery for lower limbs lesions or trauma mainly in the 20th century. We emphasized on the type of implants, the biomaterials and their evolution, and we also engaged in a special reference for the pioneers of orthopaedic implant surgery and the innovative designers of those implants, in such a way to understand the ways and the stages through which they evolved to their present forms, as well as the scientific principles that affected their design and progress. A correlation between the evolution of implants and several relevant disciplines (biomaterial chemists and engineers, biomechanics) that developed simultaneously with orthopaedic reconstructive joint surgery is present since the first attempts to reconstruct a damaged joint. In the future, further progress is anticipated in the use of biomaterials, more compatible towards human biology, with minimally invasive applications and a perpetually increased life span. This progress depicts a phenomenon directly related to a multilevel, multifactorial and interdisciplinary scientific and technological field with many expectations.Ovaj rad predstavlja pokušaj pregleda ortopedskih implantata i rekonstruktivne ortopedske kirurgije kod lezija ili trauma donjih udova većinom tijekom 20. stoljeća. Naglasak je na tipu implantata, biomaterijalima i njihovu razvoju, ali smo se posebice osvrnuli na pionire ortopedske kirurgije implantata i inovativne dizajnere tih implantata kako bismo shvatili na koji su se način i kroz koje faze razvijali do današnjih oblika, kao i na znanstvene principe koji su utjecali na njihov dizajn i razvoj. Veza između razvoja implantata i nekoliko relevantnih disciplina (biomaterijalna kemija i inženjerstvo, biomehanika) koje su se razvijale paralelno s ortopedskom rekonstruktivnom kirurgijom zglobova prisutna je od prvih pokušaja rekonstrukcije oštećenog zgloba. Anticipira se daljnji napredak u korištenju biomaterijala, kompatibilnijih s ljudskom biologijom, s minimalno invazivnom primjenom i stalno rastućim životnim vijekom. Stoga govorimo o fenomenu direktno povezanom s multirazinskim, multifaktorskim i interdisciplinarnim znanstvenim i tehnološkim perspektivnim poljem

History of spine surgery from the middle of the 19th century until the end of the 20th century in Greece

In this thesisthe evolution of spine surgery in Greece until the end of the 20th century is presented. The most important surgical techniques, clinics and hospitals with activity on this field and also the spine surgeons are mentioned and evaluated. It is shown that the evolution in this field in Greece, with very few exceptions, follows the international trend with a small time delay.Σε αυτήν την εργασία παρουσιαζεται η εξέλιξη της χειρουργικής της Σπονδυλικής Στήλης ως το τέλος του 20ου αιώνα με ιδιαίτερη εμφαση τον ελληνικό χώρο. Γίνεται αποτίμηση των σημαντικότερων χειρουργικών τεχνικών, των κλινικών και νοσοκομείων που ασχολήθηκαν με το συγκεκριμένο πεδίο καθώς και των χειρουργών που ασχολήθηκαν με το αντικείμενο. Καταδεκνύεται ότι οι εξελίξεις στην Ελλάδα ακολουθούν, με ελάχιστες εξαιρέσεις, τις εξελίξεις στο εξωτερικό με μια μικρή καθυστέρηση

The Italian anatomist Realdo Colombo (1516-1559) and his contribution to the discovery of pulmonary circulation

In our article we present the anatomical work of the distinguished Renaissance anatomist Realdo Colombo, as well as, his contribution to the discovery of pulmonary circulation. Colombo was not the first to describe the pulmonary circulation, but he backed up this hypothesis with evidence after extensive dissection and vivisection. He paved the way for his successors and particularly William Harvey (1578-1657) to the establishment of anatomy and physiology of blood circulation

Paul of Aegina (ca 625-690 AD), His Work and His Contribution to the Treatment of Spine Disorders: The First Routine Laminectomy in the Recorded History

The purpose of this historical review is to summarize the work of Paul of Aegina and especially his contribution to the treatment of Spine disorders and trauma. A major review of the literature was undertaken with emphasis on the treatise of Paul himself as well as those of later scholars and historians. Paul expanded the horizons of surgery of his time, using his talent to perform very complicated surgery with favorite outcomes in a variety of diseases in many fields of medicine. This review will focus especially on his use of laminectomy for spinal decompression and how his successful results led him to establish his method as a routine and safe method for the treatment of spinal stenosis. However, our knowledge of his full work is at least incomplete and, from all we know, he does not seem to mention the long term effect that such an operation has on spine stability and movement