Examples illustrating the study results.

<p>Thermographic images (top) and PET images (bottom) of patients without (left and right) and a patient with (middle) metabolically active BAT. Patients with low BMI (left and middle) display relatively high skin temperatures of the supraclavicular regions (arrows) independent of the presence of activated BAT.</p

Semi-Quantitative vs. Volumetric Determination of Endolymphatic Space in Menière’s Disease Using Endolymphatic Hydrops 3T-HR-MRI after Intravenous Gadolinium Injection

<div><p>Magnetic resonance imaging enhances the clinical diagnosis of Menière's disease. This is accomplished by in vivo detection of endolymphatic hydrops, which are graded using different semi-quantitative grading systems. We evaluated an established, semi-quantitative endolymphatic hydrops score and with a quantitative method for volumetric assessment of the endolymphatic size. 11 patients with Menière's disease and 2 healthy subjects underwent high resolution endolymphatic hydrops 3 Tesla MRI with highly T2 weighted FLAIR and T2DRIVE sequences. The degree of endolymphatic hydrops was rated semi-quantitatively and compared to the results of 3D-volumetry. Moreover, the grade of endolymphatic hydrops was correlated with pure tone audiometry. Semi-quantitative grading and volumetric evaluation of the endolymphatic hydrops are in accordance (r = 0.92) and the grade of endolymphatic hydrops correlates with pure tone audiometry. Patients with a sickness duration of ≥ 30 months showed a significant higher total labyrinth fluid volume (p = 0.03). Fast, semi-quantitative evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops is highly reliable compared to quantitative/volumetric assessment. Endolymphatic space is significantly higher in patients with longer sickness duration.</p></div

Correlation of skin temperatures of the supraclavicular, the presternal and the jugular regions with body mass index.

<p>Red dots mark patients with activated BAT in FDG-PET. r denotes Pearson’s correlation coefficients.</p

Correlation between supraclavicular skin temperature and SCAT thickness (top) and between BMI and supraclavicular SCAT thickness (bottom).

<p>r denotes Pearson’s correlation coefficient.</p

Illustration of performed measurements.

<p>Left (thermographic data): Supraclavicular ROIs were of triangular shape and placed within the lateral neck triangle that is formed by the clavicle, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the lateral neck contour. Jugular and presternal ROIs were circular. Right (CT data): As a measure for SCAT thickness of the supraclavicular regions, the minimal distance between the vascular compartment of the neck and the skin surface was measured (double arrow). Asterisks mark the left clavicle and the trachea.</p

Results from the ROC curve analysis using ΔADC, ΔVOL, and FLDA.

<p>Note: ΔADC: tumor ADC changes between measurements, ΔVOL: tumor volume changes between measurements, FLDA: result from Fisher's linear discriminant analysis, AUC: area under the curve.</p><p>*AUC using ΔADC vs. AUC using FLDA: p = 0.035.</p><p>Results from the ROC curve analysis using ΔADC, ΔVOL, and FLDA.</p

Fisher's linear discriminant anaylsis of volume and ADC data.

<p>Panel (a) illustrates thescatterplot of ΔVOL vs. ΔADC for each tumor. The solid grey line represents the optimal threshold determined by the ROC curve analysis; the linear regressions for each group (dashed line for therapy, dotted line for control) are annotated with Pearson's correlation coefficient r and p-value. (b) Results from the FLDA-derived linear combination of ΔADC and ΔVOL (FLDA = 0.0033×ΔVOL[%] - 1.0366×ΔADC[10⁻³ mm²/s]).</p

Correlation between 6-tone pure-tone-audiometry (6-Tone_PTA) and percentage of vestibular endolymphatic space to total labyrinth fluid (Vestibular endolymphatic space/total labyrinth volume x 100).

<p>Correlation between 6-tone pure-tone-audiometry (6-Tone_PTA) and percentage of vestibular endolymphatic space to total labyrinth fluid (Vestibular endolymphatic space/total labyrinth volume x 100).</p

Comparison and Combination of Dual-Energy- and Iterative-Based Metal Artefact Reduction on Hip Prosthesis and Dental Implants

<div><p>Purpose</p><p>To compare and combine dual-energy based and iterative metal artefact reduction on hip prosthesis and dental implants in CT.</p><p>Material and Methods</p><p>A total of 46 patients (women:50%,mean age:63±15years) with dental implants or hip prostheses (n = 30/20) were included and examined with a second-generation Dual Source Scanner. 120kV equivalent mixed-images were derived from reconstructions of the 100/Sn140kV source images using no metal artefact reduction (NOMAR) and iterative metal artefact reduction (IMAR). We then generated monoenergetic extrapolations at 130keV from source images without IMAR (DEMAR) or from source images with IMAR, (IMAR+DEMAR). The degree of metal artefact was quantified for NOMAR, IMAR, DEMAR and IMAR+DEMAR using a Fourier-based method and subjectively rated on a five point Likert scale by two independent readers.</p><p>Results</p><p>In subjects with hip prosthesis, DEMAR and IMAR resulted in significantly reduced artefacts compared to standard reconstructions (33% vs. 56%; for DEMAR and IMAR; respectively, p<0.005), but the degree of artefact reduction was significantly higher for IMAR (all p<0.005). In contrast, in subjects with dental implants only IMAR showed a significant reduction of artefacts whereas DEMAR did not (71%, vs. 8% p<0.01 and p = 0.1; respectively). Furthermore, the combination of IMAR with DEMAR resulted in additionally reduced artefacts (Hip prosthesis: 47%, dental implants 18%; both p<0.0001).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>IMAR allows for significantly higher reduction of metal artefacts caused by hip prostheses and dental implants, compared to a dual energy based method. The combination of DE-source images with IMAR and subsequent monoenergetic extrapolation provides an incremental benefit compared to both single methods.</p></div

Patient characteristics.

<p>Patient characteristics.</p