Polymeric Nanoparticles Stabilized by Surfactants Investigated by Light Scattering, Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, and Cryo-TEM Methods

We have investigated self-organization of polymers with surfactants through solvent shifting process resulting in formation of stable and uniform nanoparticles. We studied polymeric nanoparticles made of poly(methylmethacrylate) and of polystyrene dispersed in water. The dispersion was prepared by a fast mixing of a solution of the polymers with a solution of several ionic and nonionic surfactants in pure water. We observed the formation of well defined nanoparticles by light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) methods. The study shows how nanoparticle properties are changed by the chemical composition of surfactants, molar mass of polymers, concentrations of both components and finally, by variations in method of nanoparticles preparation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and static light scattering (SLS) provide the hydrodynamic radii and radii of gyration for selected types of nanoparticles. Cryo-TEM experiments prove that the nanoparticles have good spherical shape. Analysis of SANS data and Cryo-TEM micrographs suggest that the prepared particles are composed of polymer and surfactant that are evenly distributed

European energy security and the role of LNG

Thesis (M.A.)--Özyeğin University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Department of Institute of Social Sciences Department of Public Law, 2017.İşbu çalışmanın amacı, hukuki açıdan Avrupa Birliği'nde enerji güvenliğinin nasıl algılandığı ve sıvılaştırılmış doğal gaz yani (dilimize geçtiği hali ile) LNG'nin bunu nasıl desteklediğinin açıklanmasıdır. Çalışma, enerjinin modern dünyadaki yerini, Avrupa'nın enerji güvenliği konseptini doğal gaz ve özellikle LNG kapsamında ne şekilde anladığı kapsamında değerlendirerek izah eder. Enerji güvenliğinin gerekliliği, hukuki bir bakış açısıyla ele alınmaktadır. Bahse konu konseptin hukuki açıdan anlaşılabilmesi, yalnızca hukukun tepkisiyle mümkündür ve Avrupa'nın enerji güvenliği konseptine bakış açısının analizine destek olmak için hukuki düzenlemeler ve somut vakalar örnek olarak kullanılmaktadır. Enerji güvenliğinin hukuki gelişiminin yanı sıra teknolojik gelişmeler de değerlendirilmekte ve bu açıdan LNG, enerji güvenliğine katkıları anlamında incelenmektedir. Çünkü, enerji olmaksızın ekonomi, hukuk olmaksızın enerji olmaz.The purpose of this work is to explain how energy security is perceived within the European Union and how liquified natural gas, in short LNG, supports it from legal aspect. This work states the place of energy in modern world by evaluating Europe's understanding of energy security concept under the scope of natural gas and especially LNG. The essentialness of energy security is discussed from a legal point of view. The aforesaid concept can only be understood by legal reactions and regulations and case studies are used as examples to support the analysis of Europe's energy security perception. Along with the legal development of energy security, technological development is also studied and LNG is discussed within the meaning of its reinforcement for the concept. Eventually, economy does not exist without energy; likewise energy does not exist without law