Spatial Ecology and Seasonal Habitat Use of the King Rail (Rallus elegans) along the Atlantic Coast

TThe King Rail (Rallus elegans) continues to experience population declines throughout its range. Due to its secretive nature and occupancy of densely vegetated marshes, little is known about the behavior and ecology of the King Rail. Moreover, conservation efforts lack essential information about King Rail habitat use to make informed decisions, especially along the Atlantic coast and during the non-breeding period. To address this, radio-telemetry was used to elucidate the spatiotemporal patterns of movement and habitat preferences of King Rails throughout the year. The microhabitat characteristics were quantified at nest locations and where adults were located during the breeding and non-breeding periods, including the poorly understood brood-rearing period. Nest densities were greatest in areas with high interspersion of emergent vegetation and open water, and most rails selected nest sites in Juncus roemerianus patches, the predominant species of emergent vegetation. Adults traveled with their broods substantial distances from nest locations, as much as 1 kilometer within the first week post-hatching, to areas with less Juncus roemerianus and with shallower water than where they nested. During the non-breeding and brood-rearing periods, adults were found closer to edges of open water and emergent vegetation than during the nesting period, areas thought to provide increased foraging opportunities. Empirically, it was determined for the first time that adults use wooded and shrubby marsh during the brood-rearing and non-breeding periods. This habitat type has not been considered under current King Rail management plans. Observations spanning the entire year documented the movements of King Rails and revealed that at least part of the population is resident. Mean home range size was 19.8±2.5 ha (95% kernel density). Individual home range sizes did not differ significantly between seasons. There was evidence of sexual segregation in habitat use during the non-breeding period. Females had significantly larger home ranges than males and tended to travel greater distances. During the non-breeding season, all birds captured in emergent marsh were male, and radio-tagged females were found using adjacent wooded marsh. Adults used both managed impoundments and emergent natural marsh at all times of the year, but increased their use of impoundments immediately following drawdown, and while brood-rearing, especially when water levels rose abruptly in natural marsh. In coastal habitats prone to variation in water level, provision of impoundments with sluice control adjacent to natural marsh appears to be of benefit to brood-rearing King Rails. Where populations are present year-round, habitat management should emphasize interspersion of patches of emergent vegetation with pockets of open water providing a mosaic of cover and appropriate nest sites in proximity to foraging areas. Scrub-shrub and wooded wetland habitat at the perimeter of emergent marsh may favor residency of overwintering King Rails of both sexes. These findings highlight the need for conservation efforts to consider the habitat preferences and spatial distribution of King Rails throughout the year and at all life stages.M.S

Seasonal home range dynamics and sex differences in habitat use in a threatened, coastal marsh bird

A comprehensive understanding of spatiotemporal ecology is needed to develop conservation strategies for declining species. The king rail (Rallus elegans) is a secretive marsh bird whose range historically extended across the eastern United States. Inland migratory populations have been greatly reduced with most remaining populations inhabiting the coastal margins. Our objectives were to determine the migratory status of breeding king rails on the mid-Atlantic coast and to characterize home range size, seasonal patterns of movement, and habitat use. Using radiotelemetry, we tracked individual king rails among seasons, and established that at least a segment of this breeding population is resident. Mean (±SE) home range size was 19.8 ± 5.0 ha (95% kernel density) or 2.5 ± 0.9 (50% kernel density). We detected seasonal variation and sex differences in home range size and habitat use. In the nonbreeding season, resident male home ranges coincided essentially with their breeding territories. Overwintering males were more likely than females to be found in natural emergent marsh with a greater area of open water. Females tended to have larger home ranges than males during the nonbreeding season. We report for the first time the use of wooded natural marsh by overwintering females. Brood-rearing king rails led their young considerable distances away from their nests (average maximum distance: ~600 ± 200 m) and used both wooded natural and impounded marsh. King rails moved between natural marsh and managed impoundments during all life stages, but the proximity of these habitat types particularly benefitted brood-rearing parents seeking foraging areas with shallower water in proximity to cover. Our results demonstrate the importance of interspersion of habitat types to support resident breeders. Summer draining of impounded wetlands that are seasonally flooded for wintering waterfowl allows regrowth of vegetation and provides additional habitat at a critical time for wading birds.ECU Open Access Publishing Support Fun

Spatial Ecology and Seasonal Habitat Use of the King Rail (Rallus elegans) along the Atlantic Coast

TThe King Rail (Rallus elegans) continues to experience population declines throughout its range. Due to its secretive nature and occupancy of densely vegetated marshes, little is known about the behavior and ecology of the King Rail. Moreover, conservation efforts lack essential information about King Rail habitat use to make informed decisions, especially along the Atlantic coast and during the non-breeding period. To address this, radio-telemetry was used to elucidate the spatiotemporal patterns of movement and habitat preferences of King Rails throughout the year. The microhabitat characteristics were quantified at nest locations and where adults were located during the breeding and non-breeding periods, including the poorly understood brood-rearing period. Nest densities were greatest in areas with high interspersion of emergent vegetation and open water, and most rails selected nest sites in Juncus roemerianus patches, the predominant species of emergent vegetation. Adults traveled with their broods substantial distances from nest locations, as much as 1 kilometer within the first week post-hatching, to areas with less Juncus roemerianus and with shallower water than where they nested. During the non-breeding and brood-rearing periods, adults were found closer to edges of open water and emergent vegetation than during the nesting period, areas thought to provide increased foraging opportunities. Empirically, it was determined for the first time that adults use wooded and shrubby marsh during the brood-rearing and non-breeding periods. This habitat type has not been considered under current King Rail management plans. Observations spanning the entire year documented the movements of King Rails and revealed that at least part of the population is resident. Mean home range size was 19.8±2.5 ha (95% kernel density). Individual home range sizes did not differ significantly between seasons. There was evidence of sexual segregation in habitat use during the non-breeding period. Females had significantly larger home ranges than males and tended to travel greater distances. During the non-breeding season, all birds captured in emergent marsh were male, and radio-tagged females were found using adjacent wooded marsh. Adults used both managed impoundments and emergent natural marsh at all times of the year, but increased their use of impoundments immediately following drawdown, and while brood-rearing, especially when water levels rose abruptly in natural marsh. In coastal habitats prone to variation in water level, provision of impoundments with sluice control adjacent to natural marsh appears to be of benefit to brood-rearing King Rails. Where populations are present year-round, habitat management should emphasize interspersion of patches of emergent vegetation with pockets of open water providing a mosaic of cover and appropriate nest sites in proximity to foraging areas. Scrub-shrub and wooded wetland habitat at the perimeter of emergent marsh may favor residency of overwintering King Rails of both sexes. These findings highlight the need for conservation efforts to consider the habitat preferences and spatial distribution of King Rails throughout the year and at all life stages

Seasonal home range dynamics and sex differences in habitat use in a threatened, coastal marsh bird

A comprehensive understanding of spatiotemporal ecology is needed to develop conservation strategies for declining species. The king rail (Rallus elegans) is a secretive marsh bird whose range historically extended across the eastern United States. Inland migratory populations have been greatly reduced with most remaining populations inhabiting the coastal margins. Our objectives were to determine the migratory status of breeding king rails on the mid-Atlantic coast and to characterize home range size, seasonal patterns of movement, and habitat use. Using radiotelemetry, we tracked individual king rails among seasons, and established that at least a segment of this breeding population is resident. Mean (±SE) home range size was 19.8 ± 5.0 ha (95% kernel density) or 2.5 ± 0.9 (50% kernel density). We detected seasonal variation and sex differences in home range size and habitat use. In the nonbreeding season, resident male home ranges coincided essentially with their breeding territories. Overwintering males were more likely than females to be found in natural emergent marsh with a greater area of open water. Females tended to have larger home ranges than males during the nonbreeding season. We report for the first time the use of wooded natural marsh by overwintering females. Brood-rearing king rails led their young considerable distances away from their nests (average maximum distance: ~600 ± 200 m) and used both wooded natural and impounded marsh. King rails moved between natural marsh and managed impoundments during all life stages, but the proximity of these habitat types particularly benefitted brood-rearing parents seeking foraging areas with shallower water in proximity to cover. Our results demonstrate the importance of interspersion of habitat types to support resident breeders. Summer draining of impounded wetlands that are seasonally flooded for wintering waterfowl allows regrowth of vegetation and provides additional habitat at a critical time for wading birds

Seasonal home range dynamics and sex differences in habitat use in a threatened , coastal marsh bird

A comprehensive understanding of spatiotemporal ecology is needed to develop conservation strategies for declining species. The king rail (Rallus elegans) is a secretive marsh bird whose range historically extended across the eastern United States. Inland migratory populations have been greatly reduced with most remaining populations inhabiting the coastal margins. Our objectives were to determine the migratory status of breeding king rails on the mid-Atlantic coast and to characterize home range size , seasonal patterns of movement , and habitat use. Using radiotelemetry , we tracked individual king rails among seasons , and established that at least a segment of this breeding population is resident. Mean (±SE) home range size was 19.8 ± 5.0 ha (95% kernel density) or 2.5 ± 0.9 (50% kernel density). We detected seasonal variation and sex differences in home range size and habitat use. In the nonbreeding season , resident male home ranges coincided essentially with their breeding territories. Overwintering males were more likely than females to be found in natural emergent marsh with a greater area of open water. Females tended to have larger home ranges than males during the nonbreeding season. We report for the first time the use of wooded natural marsh by overwintering females. Brood-rearing king rails led their young considerable distances away from their nests (average maximum distance: ~600 ± 200 m) and used both wooded natural and impounded marsh. King rails moved between natural marsh and managed impoundments during all life stages , but the proximity of these habitat types particularly benefitted brood-rearing parents seeking foraging areas with shallower water in proximity to cover. Our results demonstrate the importance of interspersion of habitat types to support resident breeders. Summer draining of impounded wetlands that are seasonally flooded for wintering waterfowl allows regrowth of vegetation and provides additional habitat at a critical time for wading birds