BIOTIC DIVERSITY OF KARELIA: CONDITIONS OF FORMATION, COMMUNITIES AND SPECIES

The monograph generalises vast data characterising the diversity of the biota in Russian Karelia. The data pool includes both materials of long-term studies, and new data collected in 1997–2000 within the Russian-Finnish project “Inventory and studies of biological diversity in Republic of Karelia”. The volume is composed of four interrelated chapters. Chapter one provides a detailed account of the climatic, geological, geomorphological, hydrological and soil conditions in which the regional biota has been forming. Chapter two describes and evaluates the diversity of forest, mire and meadow communities, and the third chapter details the terrestrial biota at the species level (vascular plants, mosses, aphyllophoroid fungi, lichens, mammals, birds, insects). A special section is devoted to the flora and fauna of aquatic ecosystems (algae, zooplankton, periphyton, macrozoobenthos, fishes). Wide use is made of various zoning approaches based on biodiversity-related criteria. Current status of the regional biota, including its diversity in protected areas, is analysed with elements of the human impact assessment. A concise glossary of the terms used is annexed. This is an unprecedentally multi-faceted review, at least for the taiga zone of European Russia. The volume offers extensive reference materials for researchers in a widest range of ecological and biological fields, including graduate and post-graduate students. The monograph is also available in Russian

УЯЗВИМОСТИ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЙ К НЕКОРРЕКТНЫМ ВХОДНЫМ ДАННЫМ

Different kinds of vulnerabilities typical for applications without sufficient input data control are discussed in this article. Typical characteristics of such vulnerabilities are given and elimination recommendations are proposed.Анотаці

Effect of ultrasonic vibrations on interface strength in composites of shape memory alloy with metallic matrix

The main problem in developing the composite materials containing Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuators is to provide the strength of interface between matrix and SMA. The other important problem is to provide the martensitic transformation with needed parameters and resistance to thermal cycling in the composite material. Application of ultrasonic (US) technologies for obtaining composite materials helps to some extent to solve the above-mentioned problems. The ultrasonic technologies available are the composite materials crystallization in ultrasonic field, simultaneous deformations of composite components by using ultrasound and sintering of powdered/fractured composite mix with high-intensity ultrasound apply to different stages of the process. All these are aimed at obtaining the composites with good functional properties. In the present paper, main attention is paid to the composite materials consisting of the CuAlNi, CuAlMn, CuAlZn and Ni-Ti shape memory alloys and various second component (aluminum, copper and Cu-alloys), Two main achievements have been reached by application of the US vibrations: modification and refinement of the shape memory alloy microstructure; improvement in adhesion of the superelastic/shape memory materials to the metal substrate surface subjected to ultrasonic metallisation

Glass forming ability and thermodynamic properties of Ti(Zr,Hf)NiCu shape memory alloys

Rapidly solidified amorphous and crystalline-amorphous ribbons have been produced from a number of quatemary Ti$_{50+z-x}$(Zr,Hf)$_{ x}$Ni$_{50- z-y}$Cu$_{ y}$ alloys where $z =(-5, 0, 5)$. Structural states were checked by XRD, crystallization behaviour of amorphous phase and martensitic transformations in crystalline material were studied by DSC. The glass transition and crystallization temperatures have been measured at different heating rates, and the crystallization activation energy for each composition and heat event bas been calculated. Isothermal crystallization gives an alternative method of determining the activation energy according to the Arrhenius equation. Contradictory requirements for the conditions of martensitic transformation and good glass forming ability is discussed

Study of the martensitic transformation in the Hafnium-Palladium system

High temperature shape memory alloys have received a large interest for many years but none of the systems studied so far has led to industrial applications. Those alloys are expected to develop an actuating role in high temperature environment as for example aircraft turbines. Lots of criteria are required in order to substitute or optimize heavy existing actuators. Here are presented a few results obtained with the system hafnium-palladium, not so documented for the moment, that develops a martensitic transformation at around 773 K. According to the characteristics of very well-known alloys such as NiTi, some compositions around the equiatomic are explored. The main ob jective of our work is to know the influence of a stoechiometry gap on the microstructure of the alloys and the martensitic transformation

Mechanical and functional properties of quarternary (Ti, Hf) (Ni, Cu)-based shape memory melt-spun ribbons

Development of multicomponent “TiNi”-based shape memory alloys from initial amorphous state continue attracts attention due to unique mechanical properties in the supercooled liquid region and specific microstructure formed after crystallisation. Amorphous ribbons were produced by single-roll casting technique. Those ribbons demonstrate high shaping ability near glass transition temperature T$_{\rm G}$. The material structure was examined by the XRD, TEM/SAD techniques ; the thermodynamic properties were studied by DSC ; the mechanical and functional (shape memory, superelasticity) properties were studied in tension. The effect of crystallisation conditions and the resulting microstructural state (partly or fully crystallised, precipitates accompanying crystallisation) on the martensite transformation and associated functional properties is discussed

Multicomponent TiNi-based shape memory alloys : General considerations and selection rules for an initial precursor amorphous state

General considerations, which concern the development of new multicomponent shape memory alloys in an initial amorphous state, are discussed. The selection rules for the chemical compositions appropriate for production of both amorphous and potentially shape memory alloys are proposed on a basis of well known three "golden rules" and statements regarding the shape memory phenomena. The production and characterisation of the "AB"-type series amorphous potentially shape memory alloys with "A"=(Ti,Hf,Zr), "B"=(Ni,Cu,Co,Ag,Pd,Al) and the "A:B" ratio varied as 45:55, 50:50 and 55:45 are discussed. The material structure was followed by X ray diffraction and the thermodynamic properties and thermal stability were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Various heat treatments regimes have been explored for the formation of appropriate microstructures to demonstrate the shape memory property