Σύνθεση ιοντικών υγρών και βαθέων ευτηκτικών διαλυτών και εφαρμογή τους στο διαχωρισμό του αζεοτροπικού μίγματος αιθανόλης/νερού

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to >400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identified, may help in the management of vigour. It is also hoped to obtain a better understanding of how crop load influences the balance between vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, alternate bearing and fruit quality

Effects of the percentage of terminal flowering on postharvest fruit quality in mango (Mangifera indica) 'Calypso'™

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the percentage of flowering terminals, crop load and postharvest fruit quality in the mango cultivar 'Calypso'™ (B74) grown at Dimbulah in North Queensland. The percentage of flowering terminals was manipulated experimentally by removing flowers at anthesis to give eight treatments in which trees had 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 70 or 80% of their terminals with flowers. Fruit were sampled at harvest, ripened at 23°C and, at eating ripe, were assessed for fruit number and yields per tree and fruit quality parameters including: fruit size (length, width and depth), fruit weight, background skin colour, blush colour, flesh colour, total soluble solids (TSS), dry matter and internal physiological disorders (jelly-seed, soft nose). The 5% crop load treatment (removing 95% of inflorescences from terminals) significantly reduced the average fruit yield per tree. Average fruit weights were highest in trees with 5 and 10% of terminals flowering, followed by trees with 20% of terminals flowering. There was no difference in average fruit weight between trees with 30, 40, 60, 70 or 80% of terminals flowering. Average fruit length increased significantly in trees with 5, 10 and 20% of terminals flowering compared with those with larger numbers of flowering terminals, with the longest in the 5% treatment. Fruit length was similar in treatments with 30% or more terminals flowering. Similar trends were observed for fruit width, with the widest (89.35 mm) and deepest (80.53 mm) fruit found in the 5% treatment. Although the comparative results between treatments confirmed that the highest values of fruit TSS, dry matter and percentage of blush colour occurred in fruit from trees with only 5% of terminals flowering, observations did not differ significantly among treatments

Effects of the percentage of terminal flowering on postharvest fruit quality in mango (Mangifera indica) 'Calypso'™

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the percentage of flowering terminals, crop load and postharvest fruit quality in the mango cultivar 'Calypso'™ (B74) grown at Dimbulah in North Queensland. The percentage of flowering terminals was manipulated experimentally by removing flowers at anthesis to give eight treatments in which trees had 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 70 or 80% of their terminals with flowers. Fruit were sampled at harvest, ripened at 23°C and, at eating ripe, were assessed for fruit number and yields per tree and fruit quality parameters including: fruit size (length, width and depth), fruit weight, background skin colour, blush colour, flesh colour, total soluble solids (TSS), dry matter and internal physiological disorders (jelly-seed, soft nose). The 5% crop load treatment (removing 95% of inflorescences from terminals) significantly reduced the average fruit yield per tree. Average fruit weights were highest in trees with 5 and 10% of terminals flowering, followed by trees with 20% of terminals flowering. There was no difference in average fruit weight between trees with 30, 40, 60, 70 or 80% of terminals flowering. Average fruit length increased significantly in trees with 5, 10 and 20% of terminals flowering compared with those with larger numbers of flowering terminals, with the longest in the 5% treatment. Fruit length was similar in treatments with 30% or more terminals flowering. Similar trends were observed for fruit width, with the widest (89.35 mm) and deepest (80.53 mm) fruit found in the 5% treatment. Although the comparative results between treatments confirmed that the highest values of fruit TSS, dry matter and percentage of blush colour occurred in fruit from trees with only 5% of terminals flowering, observations did not differ significantly among treatments

Identifying vigour controlling rootstocks for mango

Vigour reduction in many tree crops is an essential element of highly productive, high density systems that is often achieved through rootstocks. Mangoes are large vigorous tropical trees that are traditionally grown at low density as suitable vigour reducing technologies are not commercially available. The aim of this work was to identify rootstock cultivars for mango that reduced scion vigour while maintaining or boosting yields. Ninety rootstocks are being evaluated for their ability to reduce vigour in two Australian mango scion cultivars from the National Mango Breeding Program (NMBP); ‘NMBP-1243’ and ‘NMBP-4069’. The evaluated rootstocks were sourced from a wide genetic range within Mangifera indica and related Mangifera spp. from the Australian National Mango Gene Bank and the Australian Mango Breeding Program. Rootstock-scion combinations were field planted at Walkamin, Queensland, Australia over three years, from May 2014 in randomised incomplete blocks. Tree height, canopy depth, canopy length (along the row), canopy width (across the row), rootstock trunk diameter (10 cm above the ground and 10 cm below the graft point) and scion diameter (10 cm above the graft) were measured every six months as indicators of tree growth and vigour. This is a report on the progress of 29 rootstocks from the May 2014 planting. There was a significant (

Identifying vigour controlling rootstocks for mango

Vigour reduction in many tree crops is an essential element of highly productive, high density systems that is often achieved through rootstocks. Mangoes are large vigorous tropical trees that are traditionally grown at low density as suitable vigour reducing technologies are not commercially available. The aim of this work was to identify rootstock cultivars for mango that reduced scion vigour while maintaining or boosting yields. Ninety rootstocks are being evaluated for their ability to reduce vigour in two Australian mango scion cultivars from the National Mango Breeding Program (NMBP); ‘NMBP-1243’ and ‘NMBP-4069’. The evaluated rootstocks were sourced from a wide genetic range within Mangifera indica and related Mangifera spp. from the Australian National Mango Gene Bank and the Australian Mango Breeding Program. Rootstock-scion combinations were field planted at Walkamin, Queensland, Australia over three years, from May 2014 in randomised incomplete blocks. Tree height, canopy depth, canopy length (along the row), canopy width (across the row), rootstock trunk diameter (10 cm above the ground and 10 cm below the graft point) and scion diameter (10 cm above the graft) were measured every six months as indicators of tree growth and vigour. This is a report on the progress of 29 rootstocks from the May 2014 planting. There was a significant (p<0.05) effect of rootstock on tree height, canopy size and trunk diameter at 24 months. Seven rootstocks were consistently among the 13 lowest vigour trees for tree height, canopy length, canopy width and scion/rootstock trunk diameters, when ranked from lowest to highest vigour. These rootstocks show promise for high-density mango orchard systems. Evaluation is ongoing and will evaluate effect of rootstock on scion flowering and cropping

Identifying vigour controlling rootstocks for mango

Vigour reduction in many tree crops is an essential element of highly productive, high density systems that is often achieved through rootstocks. Mangoes are large vigorous tropical trees that are traditionally grown at low density as suitable vigour reducing technologies are not commercially available. The aim of this work was to identify rootstock cultivars for mango that reduced scion vigour while maintaining or boosting yields. Ninety rootstocks are being evaluated for their ability to reduce vigour in two Australian mango scion cultivars from the National Mango Breeding Program (NMBP); ‘NMBP-1243’ and ‘NMBP-4069’. The evaluated rootstocks were sourced from a wide genetic range within Mangifera indica and related Mangifera spp. from the Australian National Mango Gene Bank and the Australian Mango Breeding Program. Rootstock-scion combinations were field planted at Walkamin, Queensland, Australia over three years, from May 2014 in randomised incomplete blocks. Tree height, canopy depth, canopy length (along the row), canopy width (across the row), rootstock trunk diameter (10 cm above the ground and 10 cm below the graft point) and scion diameter (10 cm above the graft) were measured every six months as indicators of tree growth and vigour. This is a report on the progress of 29 rootstocks from the May 2014 planting. There was a significant (p<0.05) effect of rootstock on tree height, canopy size and trunk diameter at 24 months. Seven rootstocks were consistently among the 13 lowest vigour trees for tree height, canopy length, canopy width and scion/rootstock trunk diameters, when ranked from lowest to highest vigour. These rootstocks show promise for high-density mango orchard systems. Evaluation is ongoing and will evaluate effect of rootstock on scion flowering and cropping

The effects of alternative training and planting systems on light relations in Mangifera indica (Mango) orchards in Far North Queensland

Part of a project to transform subtropical/tropical tree productivity in Queensland is a study of light relations in mango (Mangifera indica) orchards in Far North Queensland. A study of the baseline relationship between light interception, canopy volume and yield in ‘Kensington Pride’ trees found that as canopy volume increased, light interception reached a maximum between 61 and 68%. The relationship between light interception and tree yield (t ha-1) varied over two years highlighting the biennial bearing habit of mango. An associated ongoing study is looking at the effects on light interception, canopy volume and yield for three mango cultivars, resulting from various planting density and tree training systems. The planting systems being studied include three planting densities: low density (208 trees ha-1, 8×6 m), medium density (450 tree ha-1, 6×4 m) and high density (1250 trees ha-1, 4×2 m) and two training systems (conventional and single leader) in three commercial mango cultivars (‘Keitt, CalypsoTM’ and ‘NMBP 1243’). The first year’s results have indicated that density and cultivar had significant effects on light interception in 1.5-year-old trees. ‘Keitt’ canopies had higher light interception than ‘CalypsoTM’ or ‘NMBP1243’, while high density plantings intercepted significantly more light. Training system also increased light interception from 1.38% in the low-density conventional planting to 9.5% in the single leader, high-density planting although this increase was not significant. There were also significant positive relationships between light interception and canopy volume (m3 ha-1). When both experiments are considered the results suggest the total light interception in 1.5-year-old, high-density trees (9.2%) was similar to the total light interception of 4-year-old trees (11.0%) in the baseline study. These results highlight the benefits of high density plantings in increasing total orchard light interception earlier than in conventional low-density mango orchards. In the future, the relationships between yield, canopy volume, light interception and training systems will be further examined in the planting systems experiment. © 2018 International Society for Horticultural Science

Preliminary results from the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative

Productivity in temperate tree crops such as apple has been lifted several-fold by research focusing on optimising a combination of canopy components including light relations, vigour control, tree architecture and crop load. This paper outlines the research behind the Small Tree-High Productivity Initiative (STHPI), which is focused on improving productivity of mango, avocado and macadamia. Preliminary results from work we are undertaking for each of the above canopy components in mango will be outlined. A rootstock screening trial to identify vigour-managing, high-productivity rootstocks is being undertaken, and we present a comparison of the best-performing low-medium vigour rootstock varieties compared with control 'Kensington Pride' (KP) rootstock at 6 months old. Comparisons between 'Keitt', 'NMBP 1243' and 'Calypso' scion cultivars with regard to tree diameter, height and canopy growth at different orchard densities and training systems will also be presented. Preliminary results from an orchard light-relations study indicate that mango yields continued to increase with light interception up to 50%, and reached a maximum of 20-30 t ha-1 at 68% light interception in KP trees approximately 25 years old. In a crop load trial, inflorescence thinning in a 'Calypso' orchard did not significantly reduce yields when up to 90% of inflorescences were removed, but did when 95% of inflorescences were removed, as trees were unable to compensate by adjusting fruit set, size and yield. Inflorescence thinning beyond 80% increased the number of fruit set per panicle, and thinning up to and including 90% of inflorescences increased fruit weight from 340 g to ›400 g per fruit. This project is still in its initial stages; however, early indications suggest there may be opportunities to improve early orchard yields through optimising light interception in an orchard's life, potentially through the use of higher densities, and that rootstocks and tree training methods, once identified, may help in the management of vigour. It is also hoped to obtain a better understanding of how crop load influences the balance between vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, alternate bearing and fruit quality