The effects of different weaning modes on the endocrine stress response

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the stress response on plasma insulin, cortisol, glucose, and urinary vanilmandelic acid during weaning and after extubation, using pressure support (PS), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and T-piece modes. METHODS: Sixty patients were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20). The PS group received FiO(2 )≤ 0.4, PS ≤ 10 cmH(2)O, and positive end expiratory pressure ≤ 5 cmH(2)O for 2 hours. The CPAP group was given FiO(2 )≤ 0.4 and CPAP 5 ≤ cmH(2)O for 2 hours. The T-piece group (group T) received 4 l/min oxygen via a T-piece for 2 hours. After 1 hour and 2 hours in their respective weaning modes, blood and urine samples were taken for insulin, cortisol, glucose and vanilmandelic acid measurements. Forty-eight hours after extubation, blood and urine samples were again taken. RESULTS: Plasma insulin was greater in group T than in the PS and CPAP groups (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01). The plasma cortisol concentration was greater in group T than in group PS during weaning (P < 0.05) and after extubation (P < 0.05). Blood glucose concentrations were greater in group T than in the other groups (both P < 0.01) both during weaning and post extubation. Urine vanilmandelic acid was greater in group T than in the other groups during weaning and after extubation (both P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Weaning via the T-piece caused a greater stress response than the PS and CPAP modes

Effects of Oral Alprazolam and Oral Tramadol on Anxiety and Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Breast Cancer Surgery

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine postoperative pain and anxiety condition of patients undergoing elective breast cancer surgery who recieved preoperative combination of Tramadol and Alprazolam