Characteristics of participants according to 25OHD status (n = 940)^a.

<p>^a Total sample size is not always n = 940 due to the missing values. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) or number (percentage). 25OHD inadequacy = 25OHD ≤75nmol/l; 25OHD adequacy = 25OHD>75nmol/l.</p><p>^b p values are determined by independent t-test or Pearson chi-square test.</p><p>^c Included both emergency and elective caesarean sections.</p><p>25OHD = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; FG = fasting glucose; 2HPPG = 2-hour postprandial glucose; GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus</p><p>Characteristics of participants according to 25OHD status (n = 940)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142239#t001fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Associations between 25OHD status and pregnancy outcomes.

<p>Adjusted for maternal age, parity, ethnicity, education, body mass index, smoking exposure, physical activity, pre-existing diabetes and/ or hypertension, neonatal sex. 25OHD inadequacy = 25OHD ≤75nmol/l; 25OHD adequacy = 25OHD>75nmol/l. The values in bold indicate p<0.05.</p><p>^a Data are presented as Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval), unless otherwise indicated.</p><p>^b Data are presented as β regression coefficient (95% Confidence Interval)</p><p>^c Included both emergency and elective caesarean sections.</p><p>25OHD = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; FG = fasting glucose; 2HPPG = 2-hour postprandial glucose; GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus</p><p>Associations between 25OHD status and pregnancy outcomes.</p

Examples of retinal fundus photographs with relevant pattern of retinal vascular fractal dimension in our cohort.

<p>The fractal dimension was shown in black and white images. The retinal vascular fractal dimension of Fig 2A and 2B were 1.0 Df and 1.4 Df, respectively. Compared with mother of Fig 2B, mother of Fig 2A showed a sparser retinal vascular fractal dimension.</p