Distribution and Adsorption of Ionic Species into a Liposome Membrane and Their Dependence upon the Species and Concentration of a Coexisting Counterion

The distribution of ions into a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) and their adsorption on the BLM are investigated by extracting a hydrophobic cation, rhodamine 6G (R6G⁺), into a liposome through the dialysis membrane method. R6G⁺ distribution mainly depends upon the concentration of the coexisting anion and its species (Cl^–, Br^–, BF₄^–, ClO₄^–, and picrate). On the other hand, R6G⁺ adsorption on the BLM surface follows the Langmuir adsorption model and is independent of the coexisting anion in the aqueous phase. We propose an extraction model of ionic species into the BLM, to explain the dependence of extraction of ionic species upon the coexisting anion. In this model, an ion is distributed with a coexisting counterion into the BLM and then forms an ion pair in the BLM. Here, the ion adsorption equilibrium on the BLM surface is independent of the species and concentration of the coexisting counterion under the same ionic strength. On the basis of this model, we estimate the distribution constant of R6G⁺ and anion (<i>K</i>_D), the ion-pair formation constant in the BLM (<i>K</i>_ip), and the R6G⁺ adsorption constant on the BLM surface (<i>K</i>_ad). Even for an ultrathin membrane system, such as a BLM, R6G⁺ is distributed with a coexisting counterion and the distribution equilibrium of the ionic species at the water–BLM interface is analyzable similar to that at the water–organic solvent interface

Contribution of hypothermia to cerebroprotective effects of TAK-937 after transient MCAO in rats.

<p>Brain temperature (<b>A</b>) and infarct volume (<b>B</b>). Data are indicated as the means ± SEM. Significant differences from the corresponding vehicle-treated group are indicated by ^***<i>P</i><0.001 and ^*<i>P</i><0.05 (Dunnett’s test), and from the corresponding TAK-937-treated group is indicated by ^##<i>P</i><0.01 (Student’s <i>t</i> test). Numbers of rats used are shown in parentheses.</p

Reversal of cerebroprotection of TAK-937 by AM251, a CB₁ antagonist, after transient MCAO in rats.

<p>Rectal temperature (<b>A</b>) and infarct volume (<b>B</b>). Data are indicated as the means ± SEM. Significant differences from the corresponding vehicle-treated group are indicated by^***<i>P</i><0.001 (Dunnett’s test), and from the corresponding TAK-937-treated group is indicated by ^###<i>P</i><0.001 (Student’s <i>t</i> test). Numbers of rats used are shown in parentheses.</p

Effect of TAK-937 on rectal and brain temperature in rats with transient MCAO.

<p>Effect of TAK-937 on rectal and brain temperature in rats with transient MCAO.</p

Additional file 1 of Impact of upper and lower respiratory symptoms on COVID-19 outcomes: a multicenter retrospective cohort study

Additional file 1. Supplemental Figure 1. Study flow chart of patient identification and selectionStudy flow chart of patient identification and selection. A total of 117 records were excluded from the 3431 cases registered in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) taskforce database owing to lack of essential clinical information. Ultimately, 3314 patients met the eligibility criteria, of which 2709 had respiratory symptoms. Supplemental Figure 2. Frequency of assisted respiration therapy and death in all four groups (a) Univariate analysis of the proportion of high-flow oxygen therapy with COVID-19 in each group. (b) Univariate analysis of the proportion of use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) with COVID-19 in each group. (c) Univariate analysis of the proportion of use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with COVID-19 in each group. (d) Univariate analysis of the proportion of death with COVID-19 in each group. Supplemental Table 1.　Common non-respiratory symptoms in each group

Additional file 6 of Impact of respiratory bacterial infections on mortality in Japanese patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Additional file 6. Admission to intensive care unitand use of invasive mechanical ventilationof bacterial respiratory infection with coronavirus disease 2019

Additional file 4 of Impact of respiratory bacterial infections on mortality in Japanese patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Additional file 4. Details of respiratory secondary infection

Additional file 5 of Impact of respiratory bacterial infections on mortality in Japanese patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Additional file 5. Association of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody use with incidence of secondary infection and death

Additional file 1 of Impact of respiratory bacterial infections on mortality in Japanese patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Additional file 1. Identification of organisms in ventilator-associated pneumoniacase

Additional file 8 of Impact of respiratory bacterial infections on mortality in Japanese patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Additional file 8. Proportion of thrombosis and myocardial injury in bacterial respiratory co-infection and secondary infection with coronavirus disease 2019