A simple unsymmetric 4‐node 12‐DOF membrane element for the modified couple stress theory

In this work, the recently proposed unsymmetric 4‐node 12‐DOF (degree‐of‐freedom) membrane element (Shang and Ouyang, Int J Numer Methods Eng 113(10): 1589‐1606, 2018), which has demonstrated excellent performance for the classical elastic problems, is further extended for the modified couple stress theory, to account for the size effect of materials. This is achieved via two formulation developments. Firstly, by using the penalty function method, the kinematic relations between the element's nodal drilling DOFs and the true physical rotations are enforced. Consequently, the continuity requirement for the modified couple stress theory is satisfied in weak sense, and the symmetric curvature test function can be easily derived from the gradients of the drilling DOFs. Secondly, the couple stress field that satisfies a priori the related equilibrium equations is adopted as the energy conjugate trial function to formulate the element for the modified couple stress theory. As demonstrated by a series of benchmark tests, the new element can efficiently capture the size‐dependent responses of materials and is robust to mesh distortions. Moreover, as the new element uses only three conventional DOFs per node, it can be readily incorporated into the standard finite element program framework and commonly available finite element programs