Uteluftsventilerad krypgrund, teori och praktik

Uteluftsventilerade krypgrunder är kända för att kunna drabbas av problem med hög relativ luftfuktighet inne i kryputrymmet. Förhållandena som uppstår kan då vara gynnsamma för biologisk påväxt vilket i sin tur kan ha en negativ inverkan på både konstruktionens hållfasthet och inomhusluftens kvalitet. Problem uppstår dels på grund av att krypgrunden förblir för kall sommartid och dels på grund av en hög fuktbelastning från underliggande mark. I denna rapport härleds nya teoretiska samband för att beskriva hur temperaturen vid blindbotten inne i krypgrunden beror av temperaturen inomhus, utomhus och vid grundbotten. Metoden kan användas för att uppskatta hur relativa luftfuktigheten varierar inne i kryputrymmet och hur denna påverkas av olika åtgärder. Forskningsarbetet har här riktat in sig på att undersöka effekten av ventilation kombinerat med värmetillförsel, och en framtagen regleralgoritm påvisar att värmetillförsel kan användas periodvis under kritiska perioder för att öka mängden fukt som ventilation kan föra ut ur krypgrunden.Outdoor air-ventilated crawls spaces are known to face problems caused by a high relative humidity inside the crawl space. The conditions then become favourable for different types of biological fouling. This in turn can have a negative impact on both the structural properties of building materials and the quality of the indoor air. Problems with high relative humidity are partly due to insufficient heating of the crawl space during the summer and partly due to a high moisture load from the ground below. In this report, new theoretical relations are derived that explain how the temperature beneath the floor structure is related to the temperature indoors, outdoors, and at the ground surface. The method can be used to estimate how the relative humidity varies inside the crawl space and how it can be affected by different measures. We have focused on measures based on combinations of controlled ventilation and heating, and developed a control algorithm which suggests that additional heating could be used periodically, during critical periods, to increase the amount of moisture that can be removed from the crawl space using ventilation

マウス破骨細胞形成における抗微生物ペプチド Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide （CRAMP）の役割）

Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) not only kills bacteria but also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralize its activity. CRAMP is highly expressed in bone marrow and its expression is reported to be up-regulated by inflammatory and infectious stimuli. Here, we examined the role of CRAMP in murine osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclasts were formed in co-cultures of osteoblasts and bone marrow cells in response to 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1a,25(OH)2D3], prostaglandin E2(PGE2), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands such as LPS and flagellin through the induction of receptor activator of nuclear factor-jB ligand(RANKL) expression in osteoblasts. CRAMP inhibited the osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures treated with LPS and flagellin, but not in those treated with 1a,25(OH)2D3 or PGE2. Although bone marrow macrophages(BMMs) highly expressed formyl peptide receptor 2 (a receptor of CRAMP), CRAMP showed no inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis in BMM cultures treated with RANKL. CRAMP suppressed both LPS- and flagellin-induced RANKL expression in osteoblasts and tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) expression in BMMs, suggesting that CRAMP neutralizes the actions of LPS and flagellin. LPS and flagellin enhanced the expression of CRAMP mRNA in osteoblasts. Extracellularly added CRAMP suppressed LPS- and flagellin-induced CRAMP expression. These results suggest that the production of CRAMP promoted by LPS and flagellin is inhibited by CRAMP released by osteoblasts through a feedback regulation. Even though CRAMP itself has no effect on osteoclastogenesis in mice, we propose that CRAMP is an osteoblast-derived protector in bacterial infection-induced osteoclastic bone resorption.2013博士（歯学）松本歯科大

Effects of shokyo (Zingiberis Rhizoma) and kankyo (Zingiberis Processum Rhizoma) on prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-treated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells

We previously reported that shokyo and kankyo, which are water-extracted fractions of ginger, reduced LPS-induced PGE2 production in human gingival fibroblasts. In this study, we examined the effects of these herbs on LPS-treated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Both shokyo and kankyo reduced LPS-induced PGE2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. Shokyo and kankyo did not inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, nor did they alter the expression of molecules in the arachidonic acid cascade. In addition, these herbs did not alter NF-κB p65 translocation into nucleus, or phosphorylation of p65 or ERK. These results suggest that shokyo and kankyo inhibit cPLA2 activity. Although 6-shogaol produced similar results to those of shokyo and kankyo, the concentration of 6-shogaol required for the reduction of PGE2 production were higher than those of 6-shogaol in shokyo and kankyo. Therefore, several gingerols and shogaols other than 6-shogaol may play a role in the reduction of LPS-induced PGE2 production. Thus, 6-shogaol, and other gingerols and shogaols inhibit cPLA2 activity and reduce LPS-induced PGE2 production via a different mechanism from traditional anti-inflammatory drugs. Moreover, kampo medicines that contain shokyo or kankyo are considered to be effective for inflammatory diseases

Ras signaling directs endothelial specification of VEGFR2+ vascular progenitor cells

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) transmits signals of crucial importance to vasculogenesis, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation of vascular progenitor cells. Embryonic stem cell–derived VEGFR2+ mesodermal cells differentiate into mural lineage in the presence of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)–BB or serum but into endothelial lineage in response to VEGF-A. We found that inhibition of H-Ras function by a farnesyltransferase inhibitor or a knockdown technique results in selective suppression of VEGF-A–induced endothelial specification. Experiments with ex vivo whole-embryo culture as well as analysis of H-ras−/− mice also supported this conclusion. Furthermore, expression of a constitutively active H-Ras[G12V] in VEGFR2+ progenitor cells resulted in endothelial differentiation through the extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk) pathway. Both VEGF-A and PDGF-BB activated Ras in VEGFR2+ progenitor cells 5 min after treatment. However, VEGF-A, but not PDGF-BB, activated Ras 6–9 h after treatment, preceding the induction of endothelial markers. VEGF-A thus activates temporally distinct Ras–Erk signaling to direct endothelial specification of VEGFR2+ vascular progenitor cells

骨芽細胞系列細胞のビタミンD受容体は、in vivo において1α,25(OH)2D3の骨吸収促進活性に必須である

要旨我々は以前、活性型ビタミンD3 [1α,25(OH)2D3]製剤であるエルデカルシトールの薬用量の投与は、骨吸収を抑制することで、骨量を増加させることを報告した。この骨吸収抑制効果は、骨芽細胞系列細胞のビタミンD受容体（VDR）を介することを明らかにした。本研究において我々は、骨芽細胞系列細胞特異的VDR欠損（Ob-VDR-cKO）マウスを用いて、1α,25(OH)2D3の大量投与によって誘導される骨吸収促進が骨芽細胞系列細胞のVDRを介するか否かを調べた。4日間の野生型マウスへの1α,25(OH)2D3（5 µg/kg体重/日）投与は、骨における破骨細胞数を増加させ、骨吸収マーカーであるI型コラーゲンC末端テロペプチド（C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type I collagen, CTX-I）の血清濃度を上昇させた。骨吸収促進は、血清カルシウム（Ca）値、線維芽細胞増殖因子23（Fibroblast Growth Factor, FGF-23）値の上昇と、体重の減少を伴っていた。このことは、中毒量の1α,25(OH)2D3は、骨吸収促進と高Ca血症を誘導することを示している。対照的に、野生型マウスへの抗Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand（RANKL）中和抗体前投与は、1α,25(OH)2D3が誘導する血清CTX-I, CaおよびFGF23値の上昇を抑制した。また、抗RANKL中和抗体前投与は、1α,25(OH)2D3が誘導する体重減少を抑制した。抗RANKL中和抗体前投与マウスの所見と一致して、1α,25(OH)2D3をOb-VDR-cKOマウスに大量投与しても、破骨細胞数、血清CTX-I値、血清Ca値、血清FGF-23値は、有意に上昇せず、また体重も減少しなかった。以上、本研究において、1α,25(OH)2D3の大量投与による骨吸収促進、血清Ca値上昇および毒性作用は、骨芽細胞系列細胞のVDRを介して発揮されることを明らかにした。2020博士（歯学）松本歯科大

歯科用CTを用いた解剖学的下顎頭運動の多点解析

The aim of this study was to develop a method for integrating morphological coordinates obtained with dental computer tomography (CT) and jaw movement coordinates acquired with a mandibular movement measuring device in order to enable multipoint analysis of anatomical condylar movements to be performed. The study subjects were two volunteers. One of the subjects displayed mandibular deviation and had a deformed condyle (on the deviated side), while the other subject exhibited normal occlusion and had healthy condyles. We placed three lead markers in front of each of the subjectsʼ ears and used them to integrate dental CT–derived morphological volume data and jaw movement data, both of which were obtained while the subjects were in the same seated position. Regarding the reproducibility of the reference point data, the positioning and orientation data obtained with the condylar movement measurement system exhibited maximum standard deviation values of 0.162 mm and 0.0₇4°, respectively, while the equivalent data acquired with the CT coordinate system displayed maximum standard deviation values of 0.068 mm and 0.00₇°, respectively. This suggested that reference point errors had little effect on our multipoint analysis of anatomical condylar movement and that the method used to transform the CT coordinates was highly precise. These results indicate that our method for integrating dental CT–derived coordinates with those acquired using a condylar movement measuring device leads to minimal errors in the positional/rotational data for the reference markers and hence, facilitates multipoint analyses of anatomical condylar movement

Therapeutic effect of hybrid FKO on congenital Mandibular ramus length asymmetric case

Hemifacial microsomia (HM) and Russell–Silver Syndrome are a congenital craniofacialmalformation caused by hypoplasia of anatomical structures deriving from the first and second branchial arches. HM involves absence or insufficiency of facial skeleton, soft tissues,ear, and cranial nerves1）.Under these conditions, orthodontic treatment in combination with surgery has been performed in HM patients after growth. However, in case of congenital facial asymmetry, asymptomatic facial expression becomes severe as a result of only the follow–up observation until the end of the growing period. Recently, the therapeutic approach has included the use of an asymmetrical FKO (hybrid FKO) tostimulate the growth of the affected side and consequently to improve symmetry of the mandible deficiency. This study reports on patients of HM treated with a nonsurgical approach using a hybrid FKO and effectiveness of the treatment

Treatment of OPG-deficient mice with WP9QY, a RANKL-binding peptide, recovers alveolar bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis and enhancing osteoblastogenesis.

Osteoblasts express two key molecules for osteoclast differentiation, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL. RANKL induces osteoclastogenesis, while OPG inhibits it by blocking the binding of RANKL to RANK, a cellular receptor of RANKL. OPG-deficient (OPG–/–) mice exhibit severe alveolar bone loss with enhanced bone resorption. WP9QY (W9) peptide binds to RANKL and blocks RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. W9 is also reported to stimulate bone formation in vivo. Here, we show that treatment with W9 restores alveolar bone loss in OPG–/–mice by suppressing osteoclastogenesis and enhancing osteoblastogenesis. Administration of W9 or risedronate, a bisphosphonate, to OPG–/–mice significantly decreased the osteoclast number in the alveolar bone. Interestingly, treatment with W9, but not risedronate, enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling and induced alveolar bone formation in OPG–/–mice. Expression of sclerostin, an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, was significantly lower in tibiae of OPG–/–mice than in wild-type mice. Treatment with risedronate recovered sclerostin expression in OPG–/–mice, while W9 treatment further suppressed sclerostin expression. Histomorphometric analysis confirmed that bone formation-related parameters in OPG–/–mice, such as osteoblast number, osteoblast surface and osteoid surface, were increased by W9 administration but not by risedronate administration. These results suggest that treatment of OPG–/–mice with W9 suppressed osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting RANKL signaling and enhanced osteoblastogenesis by attenuating sclerostin expression in the alveolar bone. Taken together, W9 may be a useful drug to prevent alveolar bone loss in periodontitis

Psychological and weight-related characteristics of patients with anorexia nervosa-restricting type who later develop bulimia nervosa

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Patients with anorexia nervosa-restricting type (AN-R) sometimes develop accompanying bulimic symptoms or the full syndrome of bulimia nervosa (BN). If clinicians could predict who might change into the bulimic sub-type or BN, preventative steps could be taken. Therefore, we investigated anthropometric and psychological factors possibly associated with such changes.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>All participants were from a study by the Japanese Genetic Research Group for Eating Disorders. Of 80 patients initially diagnosed with AN-R, 22 changed to the AN-Binge Eating/Purging Type (AN-BP) and 14 to BN for some period of time. The remaining 44 patients remained AN-R only from the onset to the investigation period. Variables compared by ANOVA included anthropometric measures, personality traits such as Multiple Perfectionism Scale scores and Temperament and Character Inventory scores, and Beck Depression Inventory-II scores.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In comparison with AN-R only patients, those who developed BN had significantly higher current BMI (p < 0.05) and maximum BMI in the past (p < 0.05). They also scored significantly higher for the psychological characteristic of parental criticism (p < 0.05) and lower in self-directedness (p < 0.05), which confirms previous reports, but these differences disappeared when the depression score was used as a co-variant. No significant differences were obtained for personality traits or depression among the AN-R only patients irrespective of their duration of illness.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present findings suggest a tendency toward obesity among patients who cross over from AN-R to BN. Low self-directedness and high parental criticism may be associated with the development of BN by patients with AN-R, although the differences may also be associated with depression.</p