Mammutprojekt Verkehrswende und aktuelle verkehrspolitische Fragen

Der Verkehrssektor muss seinen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz leisten. So wichtig der Umstieg auf elektrische Antriebe auf der Basis Erneuerbarer Energien auch ist: es geht nicht ohne einen Wandel des Verkehrsverhaltens und eine weitgehende Veränderung des Rechtsrahmens. Danach sieht es derzeit nicht aus, daher ist es nötig, die überfälligen Veränderungen probeweise und örtlich sowie zeitlich begrenzt zu versuchen

MOESM3 of Cold temperature blocks thyroid hormone-induced changes in lipid and energy metabolism in the liver of Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles

Additional file 3: Figure S1. Pathways of glycerophospholipid synthesis (A) and very long chain fatty acid desaturation and elongation (B) related to the transcription data. Transcription data and full names of genes are shown in Fig. 7 and its legend. Transcription regulatory protein is boxed in green, hepatic lipids and fatty acids analyzed (see Table 1 and Fig. 2) are boxed. 3,3′,5-Triiodothyronine-response and cold-response genes on day 3 or day 7 are marked in red and blue, respectively. PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PS, phosphatidylserine; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; CL, cardiolipin; Cho-p, choline phosphate; CDP-Cho, cytidine diphosphate choline; CDP-Etn, cytidine diphosphate ethanolamine. PA, palmitic acid; POA, palmitoleic acid; SA, stearic acid; OA, oleic acid; LA, linoleic acid; GLA, γ-linolenic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; ALA, α-linolenic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid

Image_1.JPEG

<p>Euglenoids are unique protists that can grow photoautotrophically, photomixotrophically, and heterotrophically. Here we grew Euglena gracilis under these different growth conditions and determined cellular contents of seven membrane lipids and one storage lipid (triacylglycerol), which account for more than 94 mol% of total membrane lipids. We also describe the relationship among chloroplast and mitochondria developments with lipid contents, protein contents, and oxygen evolution/consumption rates. In photoautotrophic growth conditions, E. gracilis cells accumulated chlorophyll, photosynthetic proteins, and glycolipids typical to thylakoid membranes. The same occurred for the cells grown under photomixotrophic conditions with higher respiration rates. In heterotrophic conditions, E. gracilis cells had higher respiration rates compared to cells grown in other conditions with the accumulation of pyruvate: NADP+ oxidoreductase, a mitochondrial protein and phospholipid common in mitochondria. Cells were also observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope and found to show more chlorophyll autofluorescence when grown photoautotrophically and photomixotrophycally, and fluorescence of MitoTracker when grown photomixotrophically and heterotrophically. These results suggest that under illumination, E. gracilis develops functional thylakoid membranes with membrane lipids and proteins for photosynthesis. In the medium with glucose, the cells develop mitochondria with phospholipids and proteins for respiration. Possible application based on lipid analysis for the enhancement of wax ester or alkene synthesis is discussed.</p