Heurs et malheurs du nationalisme canaque

Kohler Jean-Marie. Heurs et malheurs du nationalisme canaque.. In: Journal de la Société des océanistes, 92-93, 1991-1-2. pp. 127-128

Argent, religion et pouvoir en Nouvelle-Calédonie : A. Ballande et les évêques, 1885-1935

Kohler Jean-Marie, Shineberg Dorothy. Argent, religion et pouvoir en Nouvelle-Calédonie. A.Ballande et les évêques, 1885-1935. In: Journal de la Société des océanistes, 95, 1992-2. pp. 151-183

Jeunesse canaque et coutume

L'évolution de la jeunesse canaque permet de comprendre celle de l'ethnie mélanésienne dans son ensemble et dévoile la profondeur de la crise actuelle de la formation sociale calédonienne. D'un coté, les jeunes autochtones tendent à se différencier au plan socio-économique, sous l'action de la scolarisation secondaire et de l'accés inégal au salariat urbain. De l'autre, le nationalisme mélanésien leur fournit un puissant ciment idéologique.Différenciation sociale, indifférenciation symbolique : telles sont les deux forces qui s'exercent sur la jeunesse mélanésienne et dont on peut lire les effets dans les dipositions que les jeunes adoptent face aux préceptes de la "coutume", lieu supposé de l'identité culturelle autochtone... Cette étude montre comment l'orthodoxie coutumière des jeunes varie en fonction directe de leur distance objective aux relations sociales "traditionnelles" (résumé d'auteur

Effect of cattle activities on gap colonization in mountain pastures

Cattle influences gap dynamics in pastures in two ways: (1) by creating gaps and (2) by affecting the colonization process. This effect of cattle activity on gap revegetation can be subdivided in three main factors: herbage removal, trampling and dung and urine deposition. The objective of this study was to assess how these three effects moderate the plant succession following gap creation. In an exclosure, four controlled treatments simulating cattle activity (repeated mowing, trampling, manuring and untreated control) were applied on plots of 2 × 2 m. In the centre of each plot, one artificial gap of 60 × 60 cm was created. During three years, vegetation changes were monitored in spring and in autumn, with a square grid of 100 cells of 0.01 m2 centred on the gap. Our experiment confirmed that fine-scale gap creation may have a high impact on relative abundances of species in the community. The gap environment acts on species as a filter and this filtering was described in terms of regenerative attributes. Colonizers were species with small seeds, unspecialized seed dispersal, persistent seed bank and high vegetation spread. However, the role of dung deposition, herbage removal or trampling by cattle did not seem to be of primary importance in the revegetation process, but could moderate vegetation response. Therefore, the different cattle effects act as secondary filters that selectively favoured or disadvantaged different species from the gap-regenerating community. These complex interactions are probably keys to understand plant coexistence in perennial grassland