Assessing the level of Coronavirus Disease Anxiety and its related factors in third-trimester pregnant women referring to the health centers of Isfahan during the pandemic

Background: Pregnancy as a sensitive period of a woman's life can be affected by various psychological factors. Covid-19 pandemic is a new phenomenon; and there is limited information about its psychological consequences such as the Coronavirus disease anxiety in these women. So, the present study aimed to determine the level of Covid-19 anxiety in the third trimester of pregnancy and its related factors. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 215 pregnant women with 28-33 weeks of gestational age were studied. The samples were selected from the health centers and hospitals in Isfahan, Iran, by cluster sampling. A questionnaire of Demographic, fertility and Coronavirus-related factors as well as the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (including psychological and physical components) were completed by the mothers in person. The data was analyzed by SPSS-24 software using One-way analysis of variance, independent t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Pearson and Spearman correlation tests. Result: The results showed that the mean score of Corona disease anxiety in pregnant women was 11.45±7.56. Anxiety was reported to be low in 62.8% of pregnant women, moderate in 32.6% and high in 4.6%. The mean score of the psychological component (8.40± 4.78) was higher than the score of the physical component (3.06± 3.59). Working women, women with client-related occupations, and those having a working husband had lower anxiety scores. Factors such as death of family members due to Coronavirus disease and higher gestational age were associated with a significant increase in Corona anxiety score. Conclusion: Considering that death of a family member due to Coronavirus disease and higher gestational age are associated with higher Coronavirus disease anxiety, the results of this study can be used to identify high-risk pregnant women and suggest early psychological interventions for preventing pregnancy anxiety complications

Evaluation of relationship between reproductive health literacy and demographic factors in women

Background and objective: Introduction: Health literacy is the ability of people to acquire, understand and use health information that is necessary to decide on this field.  Since, reproductive health literacy promotion is known as one of the strategies to meet reproductive health goals in different groups of women. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between reproductive health literacy and demographic factors in women of Isfahan city. Methods:This study was a descriptive-analytic research that was evaluated women's reproductive health literacy and its related factors in Isfahan using the questionnaire of health literacy scale for women of reproductive age. Sampling method was easy and 235 women were enrolled in the study. Data analysis was performed using the software SPSS20. Results: The average age of these women was 27/8 ± 11/01 years, most were high school graduates and married. The reproductive health literacy score was desirable in 91% of women and two variables of marital status and age had correlation with reproductive health literacy scores. Conclusion: The results showed marital status and age were two related factors to women's reproductive health literacy level. Accordingly, the reproductive health literacy scores of women younger than 25 years old and unmarried women were lower than other groups. Paper Type:Research Article

Perception of Graduate Students Regarding the Use of Social Networks in Education: A Qualitative Research

Background & Objective: Social networks are new technologies that have emerged in the past decade and are dramatically used in various areas such as education. This new social media has changed the lifestyle of individuals and their communication. Due to this fact and the increasing trend towards using social networks in universities, the present study was conducted with the purpose to explore graduate students' perspectives regarding the use of social networks in education. Methods: This study was conducted using qualitative content analysis method. The participants were selected using purposive sampling (n = 13). Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, recorded on audiotapes, transcribed, and then, analyzed. MaxQdata software was used for data analysis. Results: Data analysis led to the extraction of 476 codes, 59 sub-codes, 11 subcategories, and 4 main categories. The main categories included the advantages of social networks (3 subcategories), disadvantages of social networks (2 subcategories), required infrastructures for using social networks in education (3 subcategories), and the capabilities of social networks in education (3 subcategories). Conclusion: This study revealed the advantages, disadvantages, and the applications of social networks in education. Due to the importance of social networks in education, we suggest that by providing the required infrastructures, such as high speed internet, educational protocols, and etcetera, the uses of social networks in education be improved so that students can better use these networks in education. Key Words: Social networks, Education, Students, Qualitative stud

Being Single as a Social Barrier to Access Reproductive Healthcare Services by Iranian Girls

Background: Iranian single women are deprived of reproductive healthcare services, though the provision of such services to the public has increased. This study aimed to explore the experiences of Iranian single women on their access to reproductive health services. Methods: A qualitative design using a conventional content analysis method was used. Semi-structured interviews were held with 17 single women and nine health providers chosen using the purposive sampling method. Results: Data analysis resulted in the development of three categories: ‘family’s attitudes and performance about single women’s reproductive healthcare,’ ‘socio-cultural factors influencing reproductive healthcare,’ and ‘cultural factors influencing being a single woman.’ Conclusion: Cultural and contextual factors affect being a single woman in every society. Therefore, healthcare providers need to identify such factors during the designing of strategies for improving the facilitation of access to reproductive healthcare services

Evaluation of the PhD Program in Reproductive Health in Iran Based on the Context-Input-Product-Process Model

Background & Objective: Owing to the fact that seven years has passed since the establishment of the PhD program in reproductive health in Iran, its evaluation is essential. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the PhD program in reproductive health in Iran based on the Context-Input-Product-Process (CIPP) evaluation model. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 2013 in the nursing and midwifery schools of Iran in which a PhD program in reproductive health was being taught (Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Isfahan, Shahroud, and Mashhad Universities). The study population consisted of all heads of departments of midwifery, faculty members of PhD programs in reproductive health, heads of libraries in nursing and midwifery schools, graduates and reproductive health PhD students of medical sciences universities in Iran. Data collection tools consisted of five researcher-made questionnaires based on the CIPP model and a checklist of educational facilities and equipment assessment. Content and face validity were evaluated based on expert opinion. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated in order to obtain the reliability of the questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and mean of groups were compared using One-way ANOVA. Results: The status of context indicators of PhD programs in reproductive health was evaluated as appropriate by 60% of department heads, 83.3% faculty members, 83.3% graduates, and 74.1% students. Managers, graduates, and students evaluated the status of input indicators of PhD programs in reproductive health as fairly appropriate. Moreover, faculty members, graduates, and students evaluated the status of process indicators of PhD program in reproductive health as fairly appropriate. In addition, in the product domain, managers, faculty members, and students evaluated the status of product indicators of PhD programs in reproductive health as fairly appropriate. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the status of PhD programs in reproductive health was fairly appropriate; therefore, it seems necessary to improve the indicators that cause the program status to be fairly appropriate. Key Words: Program evaluation, Context-Input-Product-Process (CIPP) evaluation model, Indicators, Reproductive health, PhD progra

Health providers' compliance with pregnant women's Bill of Rights in labor and delivery in Iran

Background: Delivery is one of the most important crises with mental, social, and deep emotional dimensions in women's life. Health providers' respect to pregnant women's Bill of Rights, as an important component of providing humanistic and ethical care, is of utmost importance. This study aimed to determine health providers' compliance with the pregnant women's Bill of Rights in labor and delivery and some of its related factors in 2013. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on the subjects selected through census sampling (N = 257) from among the healthcare providers working in the labor rooms of four educational hospitals. The data were collected by a self-reported questionnaire whose validity and reliability were established. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The compliance with pregnant women's Bill of Rights was found to be at a very high level in 22.8% of the midwifery students, 28.6% of the residents of obstetrics and gynecology, 21.9% of the interns, 50% of the obstetrics and gynecology faculty members (professors), and 31.9% of the midwives. There was a significant difference between the five groups of service providers in terms of overall compliance with mothers' rights (P = 0.002). The results showed that the residents in higher years of education (P = 0.001), midwifery students in higher semesters (P = 0.001), midwives with more work experience (P < 0.001), and personal experience of being hospitalized in labor room (P < 0.001) had a higher compliance with Bill of Rights. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in compliance with Bill of Rights between labor and age (P = 0.82). Conclusions: The results showed that the health providers' compliance with the pregnant women's Bill of Rights was not acceptable in the labor room. Therefore, necessary actions are needed to remove the barriers against pregnant women's compliance of Bill of Rights and to facilitate the compliance with it in hospitals

Clinical Trial to Comparison the Effect of Family- centered Educational-supportive Program on Mothers’ Empowerment in Breast-feeding

Background: Mothers’ empowerment in breast-feeding is a key motivational and psychological factor for continuous breast-feeding. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effects of family-centered educational-supportive program on mothers’ empowerment in breastfeeding. Materials and Methods: In this random clinical trial, pregnant women who met inclusion criteria were gradually selected and randomly put into a control and an intervention group. For the intervention group, two 2-hour educational breastfeeding sessions were held for each pregnant woman along with her key family members and breastfeeding training manual and software were given to them; then mothers and family members attended a breastfeeding counseling session one week after delivery. The control group received routine education. Mothers’ empowerment was assessed by a researcher-made questionnaire two weeks after delivery. Results: Thirty-five mothers were in the intervention group and 35 were in the control group. The mean of the total score of breast-feeding empowerment and its seven areas in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group. Moreover, exclusive breast-feeding was also significantly higher in the intervention group (

Effect of attachment-based interventions on prenatal attachment: a protocol for systematic review

Abstract Background Parental attachment was defined as: series of inner behaviors that would cause the infant to develop an intimate relation with his/her parents. This emotional relationship is formed long before birth during the pregnancy and has been associated with psychosocial outcomes for women and children. This relationship is known as one of the major components of the child’s social and emotional development. Parents’ relationship with their fetus could be strengthened using various strategies, but efforts to augment the maternal-fetal relationship have not always been successful. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and a meta-analysis survey of the effects of attachment-based interventions on prenatal attachment. Methods A comprehensive search of relevant randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials will be performed in EMBASE (via Scopus), ProQuest, Pubmed, Scopus, Ovid and Web of Science, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SID, MagIran, Irandoc, Barakat Knowledge Network System and Iranian registry of clinical trials website as Iranian databases using English and Persian keywords such as prenatal attachment, relationship, maternal attachment. Only randomized controlled clinical trials conducted between 2000 and 2016 will be included in this review. The study will be selected if their participants were expectant mothers, their partners or both. Our primary outcome will be the effect size of intervention. The quality of experimental studies will be evaluated using CONSORT checklist and Study Quality Guide by Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group. Two authors will independently assess the eligibility of the studies. Any disagreements will be resolved through a third reviewer. The risk of bias will be independently determined using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The quality of the papers will be assessed based on the CONSORT checklist. If possible quantitative data will be pooled in statistical meta-analyzing with random effect model. Discussion In this review the current state of knowledge on prenatal attachment is examined. Effectiveness of attachment-based interventions during pregnancy is analyzed. Finally, practice and research implications based on analysis of the current status of maternal-fetal attachment are identified. The expected findings will help healthcare providers to develop pregnant women and infants’ health when offering prenatal care

Assessment of barriers for midwives to achieve professional management positions from midwives' point of view

Background: Despite the effects of midwives on the health of family and community through promotion of maternal and child health indicators, they are not in the position of professional decision making. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the barriers to achieve professional management positions by midwives. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The members of board commission of midwifery and reproductive health, the academic members of midwifery department and midwives working at the adjutancy of health and treatment were selected from eight Iranian universities of medical sciences. Data was collected through demographic characteristics questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire about administrative barriers, and management skills. Validity and reliability of this tool was confirmed through content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the results were analyzed using inferential statistics (analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis test). Results: The results of this study showed that the barriers for midwives to achieve professional management positions in order of preference were organizational barriers (71.4%), cultural barriers (42.4%), and individual barriers (30.8%). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this research, organizational barriers are the most important obstacle to achieve professional management positions. Therefore, the role of the authorities is emphasized to eliminate organizational barriers and provide more resources to reduce this problem

Factors and Interventions Associated with Parental Attachment during Pregnancy in Iran: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Parents' attachment to the child is an intimate,warm and continuous relationship which is the basis of the natural development of the child. Attachment starts long before birth, and is affected by a variety of factors that are not definitively recognized. Also, several interventions have been proposed for improving it that their effectiveness has not yet been determined. Given the evidence about the role of cultural and national differences, it is necessary to review existing studies in order to identify these factors and interventions in Iran.Methods and Materials: In this review, Web of Science, Scopous, Proquest,Psycinfo, CINAHL and Pubmed databases and SID, Magiran, Irondoc, Barakat Knowledge Network System as Iranian databases were searched using English and Persian keywords such as prenatal attachment, relationship, maternal attachment between 2000 and 2017, to find articles related to prenatal attachment. The full text of the articles was studied by two reviewer and their main findings were extracted and categorized.Results: Factors and interventions associated with parental attachment summarized into 12 themes: parent education, culture, anxiety, family, planning for pregnancy, history of fetal loss, substance abuse, postpartum attachment, fetal anomaly, paternal attachment, attachment measurement tools, and effectiveness of education on prenatal attachment .Conclusion: the effect of education and counseling on prenatal attachment in Iranian parents suggests the use of these methods in prenatal care. Parent’s education, social support and marital satisfaction were significant associated factors with increasing maternal attachment. History of fetal loss, anxiety and smoking was associated with the poor prenatal attachmen