INDIVIDUALIZATION CLAIMS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE: STILL UNWARRANTED

In a 2008 paper published in the Vanderbilt Law Review entitled The Individualization Fallacy in Forensic Science Evidence, we argued that no scientific basis exists for the proposition that forensic scientists can individualize an unknown marking (such as a fingerprint, tire track, or handwriting sample) to a particular person or object to the exclusion of all others in the world. In this special issue of the Brooklyn Law Review, we clarify, refine, and extend some of the ideas presented in Fallacy. Some of the refinements are prompted by Professor David Kaye\u27s paper, also in this issue of the Review, in which he takes issue with some of the arguments we made in Fallacy. We conclude that forensic scientists should not be permitted to capitalize on the lack of supportive scientific data about either characteristic frequency or their own diagnostic reliability by going beyond what is known and what can be stated on good grounds

The Individualization Fallacy in Forensic Science Evidence

Forensic identification science involves two fundamental steps. The first step is to compare a questioned item of evidence to an exemplar from a known source and judge whether they appear so alike that they can be said to match. The second step is to assess the meaning of that reported match: What is the probability that the questioned and the known originated from the same source? Different risks of error are present at each step. The risk of error in the first step is that a reported match between a questioned and a known sample might not really match. Even if the method used to compare questioned and known samples were flawless, an error could occur if, for example, one of the samples had been mislabeled or mixed up with a different sample. The risk of error associated with the second step is that, while accurate, the reported match may have arisen through coincidence and not because the samples share a common source. The risks of error at both steps affect the ultimate inferences that can be drawn about the identification evidence in a case. Both risks are subjects of far too little research. As to the first step, existing standards and procedures do not provide sufficient protection from erroneous conclusions that two marks are indistinguishably alike-that is, that they match when in fact they differ. Few, if any, criminalistics subfields have objective standards for deciding whether two patterns match

Central Illinois Elementary String Orchestra Festival

Bone Student Center Ball Room Tuesday Evening November 9, 1993 7:00p.m

Influence of the Honed Cutting Edge on Tool Wear and Surface Integrity in Slot Milling of 42CrMo4 Steel

The cutting edge microgeometry has a significant influence on the wear behavior of cutting tools and therefore on the machining performance. To investigate the effect of tailored cutting edge microgeometries, a detailed geometrical description of different cutting edge designs is necessary. The cutting edge profile is analyzed with respect to the machining conditions as well as the cutting edge segments S? and S?. Furthermore, this paper presents the influence of tailored cutting edges on tool wear, burr formation and residual stresses in slot milling of 42CrMo4 steel regarding the normalized ploughing zone in front of the cutting edge. © 2012 The Authors

On the nature of amorphous polymorphism of water

We report elastic and inelastic neutron scattering experiments on different amorphous ice modifications. It is shown that an amorphous structure (HDA') indiscernible from the high-density phase (HDA), obtained by compression of crystalline ice, can be formed from the very high-density phase (vHDA) as an intermediate stage of the transition of vHDA into its low-density modification (LDA'). Both, HDA and HDA' exhibit comparable small angle scattering signals characterizing them as structures heterogeneous on a length scale of a few nano-meters. The homogeneous structures are the initial and final transition stages vHDA and LDA', respectively. Despite, their apparent structural identity on a local scale HDA and HDA' differ in their transition kinetics explored by in situ experiments. The activation energy of the vHDA-to-LDA' transition is at least 20 kJ/mol higher than the activation energy of the HDA-to-LDA transition

TPCK/TPACK Research and Development: Past, Present, and Future Directions

Scholarship addressing technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK or TPACK) has examined how to develop, apply, and assess it in diverse educational settings and content areas. During the last 12 years, multiple ways to understand this knowledge and support its development have emerged, generating approximately 1,200 publications that utilise the construct, impacting the practice of postsecondary faculty, administrators, and others invested in meaningful educational uses of technology. Perhaps inevitably, TPACK’s enthusiastic reception and rapid dissemination have generated multiple points of divergence, which in turn need further study; especially the construct\u27s accurate measurement and validation; how to assist preservice and in-service teachers\u27 TPACK development; contextual influences upon teachers\u27 TPACK; and the relationship of TPACK-based knowledge to teachers\u27 decision-making and action. Given the widespread diffusion of TPACK, research focusing on these and related issues will help to determine the direction of future postsecondary learning and teaching with technologies. Therefore, this special issue of AJET addresses future directions in TPCK/TPACK research and development