Truncus Arteriosus in a 43 year old Male: Case Report

In truncus arteriosus, the embryologic truncus fails to properly divide in-utero resulting in the pulmonary, aortic and coronary arteries arising from a single ascending portion of this trunk. This condition is usually fatal within the first year of life without correction. Over the past two decades, there has been a dramatic expansion in access to diagnostic echo cardiography in Kenya and greater ability to diagnose congenital heart diseases. We present the case of a 43 year old male from western Kenya, newly diagnosed with heart failure due to truncus arteriosus. This case highlights the value of echo-cardiography in Kenya, and supports the need for surgical and interventional cardiac services to grow in tandem with these diagnostic capabilities

Irrigation water planning for crops in the central highlands of Ethiopia, aided by FAO CROP WAT MODEL

Information on crop water requirement of crops is vital for irrigation water planning. In the central parts of Ethiopia, agriculture has solely been dependent on rain-fed until recent time that irrigation for vegetable production is becoming one activity for crop production. However, irrigation practice in terms of the amount of water to be used and frequency of application has lacked proper knowledge. The purpose of this study is therefore to deliver the preliminary information on seasonal water requirement of different crops based on the widely used FAO crop wat model. The lowest values of reference evapotranspiration were observed for Akaki, followed by Debere Zeit, Alemtena and Modjo. Accordingly, the results showed Onion requires frequent application of irrigation followed by tomato while wheat needs longer interval that in all the sites. The seasonal net irrigation application for Onion (60%field efficiency) is 2890, 2920, 3870, 3840 m3 for Debre Zeit, Akaki, Modjo, and Alem-Tena with their respective orders. Tomato requires net application of irrigation amount, 4650, 4030, and 5560, 4720 m3/ha for the sites, Debre Zeit, Akaki, Modjo and Alemtena respectively. Similarly, at Debre Zeit, Chickpea needs 3000 cubic meter per hectare while wheat requires 3670 m3 of irrigation water

A Review on Recent Development of Cooling Technologies for Photovoltaic Modules

When converting solar energy to electricity, a big proportion of energy is not converted for electricity but for heating PV cells, resulting in increased cell temperature and reduced electrical efficiency. Many cooling technologies have been developed and used for PV modules to lower cell temperature and boost electric energy yield. However, little crucial review work was proposed to comment cooling technologies for PV modules. Therefore, this paper has provided a thorough review of the up-to-date development of existing cooling technologies for PV modules, and given appropriate comments, comparisons and discussions. According to the ways or principles of cooling, existing cooling technologies have been classified as fluid medium cooling (air cooling, water cooling and nanofluids cooling), optimizing structural configuration cooling and phase change materials cooling. Potential influential factors and sub-methods were collected from the review work, and their contributions and impact have been discussed to guide future studies. Although most cooling technologies reviewed in this paper are matured, there are still problems need to be solved, such as the choice of cooling fluid and its usability for specific regions, the fouling accumulation and cleaning of enhanced heat exchangers with complex structures, the balance between cooling cost and net efficiency of PV modules, the cooling of circulating water in tropical areas and the freezing of circulating water in cold areas. To be advocated, due to efficient heat transfer and spectral filter characters, nanofluids can promote the effective matching of solar energy at both spectral and spatial scales to achieve orderly energy utilization