Table_1_Has avian influenza virus H9 originated from a bat source?.docx

Influenza A viruses are important pathogens that can cause diseases with high mortality in humans, animals, and birds; and wild birds are considered the primary reservoir of all subtypes in nature. After discovering the H9 influenza A viruses in bats, questions arose about their potential to serve as an additional natural reservoir and about the priority of the viral origin: Did the virus initially circulate in bats and then transmit to birds or vice versa? Influenza A viruses of the H9 subtype are of particular interest because fatal infections of humans caused by H5, H7, and H10 influenza viruses contained RNA segments from H9 viruses. Recently, a novel subtype of influenza A virus (H19) was reported and it was closely related to the H9 bat influenza A virus by its hemagglutinin structure. The genome of novel H19 has revealed a mixed characteristic genomic signature of both avian and bat influenza viruses. The time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) estimates have shown that the divergence time between the bat and avian H9-similar influenza virus occurred approximately at the end of the XVIII century. This article discusses the evolution and possible origin of influenza viruses of the H9 subtype isolated from bats and birds. The obtained data, along with the known data, suggest that the primary reservoir of the H9 influenza virus is wild birds, from which the virus was transmitted to bats. We hypothesize that the novel H19 could be a descendant of an intermediate influenza virus that was in the transition stage of spillover from avian to bat hosts.</p

Table_2_Has avian influenza virus H9 originated from a bat source?.docx

Influenza A viruses are important pathogens that can cause diseases with high mortality in humans, animals, and birds; and wild birds are considered the primary reservoir of all subtypes in nature. After discovering the H9 influenza A viruses in bats, questions arose about their potential to serve as an additional natural reservoir and about the priority of the viral origin: Did the virus initially circulate in bats and then transmit to birds or vice versa? Influenza A viruses of the H9 subtype are of particular interest because fatal infections of humans caused by H5, H7, and H10 influenza viruses contained RNA segments from H9 viruses. Recently, a novel subtype of influenza A virus (H19) was reported and it was closely related to the H9 bat influenza A virus by its hemagglutinin structure. The genome of novel H19 has revealed a mixed characteristic genomic signature of both avian and bat influenza viruses. The time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) estimates have shown that the divergence time between the bat and avian H9-similar influenza virus occurred approximately at the end of the XVIII century. This article discusses the evolution and possible origin of influenza viruses of the H9 subtype isolated from bats and birds. The obtained data, along with the known data, suggest that the primary reservoir of the H9 influenza virus is wild birds, from which the virus was transmitted to bats. We hypothesize that the novel H19 could be a descendant of an intermediate influenza virus that was in the transition stage of spillover from avian to bat hosts.</p

Comparison of by-catch rates (seals/boat/season) among seasons.

<p>N – number of reports with quantitative data; Winter-Spring: February-April; Autumn: September-November; Mean, Median and SD (standard deviation), refer to seals/boat/season; Range refers to reported minimum by-catch in the sample.</p

Breakdown of minimum reported by-catch in 2008–2009 by area and season.

<p>N – number of reports with quantitative data; Winter-Spring: February-April; Autumn: September-November; autumn-spring: fishing in either September-November, or after ice melt, but exact period not given; Not specified: no season information given by interviewee.</p

Results of fishermen interviews on seal by-catch in 2009 including reports of usage of different types of fishing gear, by-catch and hunting, seal depredation and usage of seal products.

<p>Results of fishermen interviews on seal by-catch in 2009 including reports of usage of different types of fishing gear, by-catch and hunting, seal depredation and usage of seal products.</p

Map of northern Caspian showing settlements in which interviews were conducted (triangles), by-catch sectors.

<p>(UR - Ural; KU - Kulaly; KA – Kalmykia; DA – Dagestan; delimited by lines).</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Circulation of avian paramyxoviruses in wild birds of Kazakhstan in 2002–2013

Avian species tested for APMVs in Kazakhstan, 2002–2013. (DOCX 48 kb

Estimates of evolutionary divergence at the nucleotide level between all APMV serotypes sequences.

<p>Estimates of evolutionary divergence at the nucleotide level between all APMV serotypes sequences.</p

Schematic diagram showing the genomic organization of novel APMV.

<p>Schematic diagram showing the genomic organization of novel APMV.</p

Phylogenetic relationships on nucleotide level between novel APMV serotype and others.

<p>Phylogenetic relationships on nucleotide level between novel APMV serotype and others.</p