Conditionals and controllability of predicates

前件と後件が｢と･ば･たら｣によって、結ばれる文は一般に条件文と呼ばれ、それぞれの微妙に異なる意味用法については膨大な先行研究で詳細な分析が進められてきている。｢と･ば･たら｣は、各々の接続形式自体に複数の意味用法(仮定条件、確定条件、反実仮想、継起、擬似条件など)を表していることから、 ..

キョウザイ キョウジュホウ ショキュウ ブンポウ コウモク ト ドウシ ノ イシセイ ニツイテ SITUATIONAL FUNCTIONAL JAPANESEノ スルVERBS ト ナルVERBS

初級日本語教科書、Situational Functional Japanese（SFJ）の文法解説には、＜するverbs＞と＜なるverbs＞、＜＋をverbs＞＜－をverbs＞（いわゆる他・自動詞）という用語が使用されている。しかし＜するverbs＞と＜なるverbs＞がどのような定義のもとにあるのか、＜＋をverbs＞＜－をverbs＞とどのような関係にあるのか、十分に明確に記述されていない。英語による文法解説の中には「”controllable”かどうか」「行為の主題がその行為に対してresponsibleかどうか」「行為主体を中心に述べようとしているのか」「結果を中心に述べようとしているのか」など、それぞれの文法項目ごとに異なる表現が解説に用いられている。また、「意志動詞」「意思性の表現」という用語も文法を論じるときに一般によく使用される。＜するverbs＞と＜なるverbs＞は動詞の意思性（制御性、control）の観点からの文法的な対立、＜＋をverbs＞＜－をverbs＞は他動性の観点からの対立として改めて定義を確認し、SFJのGrammar Notesの解説を見直した

Case Studies on the Seasonal Changes of Diatom Community in Paddy Fields

As a case study, the seasonal changes of diatom community in flooded water of paddy fields were discussed. The investigations were conducted on Andosols (Field 1) at Field Science Center, Tohoku University, and on Fluvisols (Field 2) at Furukawa Agricultural Experimental Station, located at Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, during the rice-growing season of 2004. The results obtained are as follows: 1) Diatom cell density at Field 1 ranged between 2.1x10^5 and 1.1x10^6 cells L^. There was no large difference during the experimental period in Field 1. Diatom cell density in Field 2 ranged between 4.3x10^5 and 5.3x10^6 cells L^. Diatoms in Field 2 were low in the end of May, and increased gradually thereafter. 2) Nineteen genera were observed in Field 1 and twenty-four genera in Field 2. In general, Nitzschia was predominated genus in the both fields. In Field 1, Melosira became predominated from June to August. In Field 2, Navicula was also predominated in July

Unveiling Consonant Harmony: Nonlexical reduplication in English

There is a lack of strong diachronic evidence in English phonology to demonstrate consonant harmony (hereafter CH) in reduplication (Fikkert et al. 2005; Goad & Buckley 2006; Hale & Reiss 2008; Pater & Werle 2003; Rose 2000; Wolfram & Johnson 1982). In the present study, we investigated CH in synchronic settings wherein native English speakers were asked to produce a euphonious pseudo reduplicant from a nonce base in uncontrolled and controlled experiments. The results of the experiments indicated that, in English, consonantal assimilations might have a hierarchical structure when CH is present in the synchronic formation of a rhyming reduplicant. Taken holistically, these findings suggest that the rate of coronal assimilation exceeds that of labial assimilation. The occurrence of dorsal assimilation may be restricted even further by the scarcity of word-initial dorsal onsets that meet the requirements for rhyming reduplication

Gas flow-directed growth of aligned carbon nanotubes from nonmetallic seeds

Kite growth is a process that utilizes laminar gas flow in chemical vapor deposition to grow long, well-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for electronic application. This process uses metal nanoparticles (NPs) as catalytic seeds for CNT growth. However, these NPs remain as impurities in the grown CNT. In this study, nanodiamonds (NDs) with negligible catalytic activity were utilized as nonmetallic seeds instead of metal catalysts because they are stable at high temperatures and facilitate the growth of low-defect CNTs without residual metal impurities. Results demonstrate the successful growth of over 100-$\mu$m-long CNTs by carefully controlling the growth conditions. Importantly, we developed an analysis method that utilizes secondary electron (SE) yield to distinguish whether or not CNTs grown from metal impurities. The absence of metallic NPs at the CNT tips was revealed by the SE yield mapping, whereas the presence of some kind of NPs at the same locations was confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). These results suggest that most of the aligned CNTs were grown from nonmetallic seeds, most likely ND-derived NPs, via the tip-growth mode. Structural characterizations revealed the high crystallinity of CNTs, with relatively small diameters. This study presents the first successful use of nonmetallic seeds for kite growth and provides a convincing alternative for starting materials to prepare long, aligned CNTs without metal impurities. The findings of this study pave the way for more convenient fabrication of aligned CNT-based devices, potentially simplifying the production process by avoiding the need for the removal of metal impurities.Comment: Accepted version. Main manuscript: 26 pages, 6 figures. Supporting information: 8 pages, 9 figure

Combination of Donor Lymphocyte Infusion and Blinatumomab for B-Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Relapse after Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation

A woman in her forties with relapsed B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma was treated with blinatumomab, but the drug proved ineffective. Salvage therapy with clofarabine induced a complete remission, and she received an allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (allo-SCT) from an HLA-matched sibling donor. However, her disease relapsed only 4 months after the allo-SCT. Three courses of combination therapy with donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) and blinatumomab were administered, and the tumor progression was well controlled for 6 months, leading to a second allo-SCT from an HLA-haploidentical donor. The remission was persistent for approximately 1 year, but the disease relapsed in her central nervous system, and she eventually died. Our case demonstrated the efficacy and safety of concomitant use of DLI and blinatumomab. This combination presumably enhanced a graft-versus-lymphoma effect of allogeneic T-cells without provoking graft-versus-host disease