Hypotypoza w Metamorfozach Owidiusza

Ovid’s Metamorphoses are an excellent text for the study of figures of speech, and in particular over hypotyposis (euidentia). Often hypotyposis, occurring in the company of other figures (enumeratio, accumulare res, comparatio, gradatio), plays a unique role in ovidian narrative form, especially at the key time of change – metamorphosis, which is the passage of one being to another. This article has traced mainly fragments that accurately (perspicuitas) and convincingly (persuasio) show the change of the human body, from the point of view of physiognomy and anatomy. Stories of Daphne, Myrrh, Ocyrhoé, Aglaulus or Niobe, are just some examples that were used for analysis to investigate what is the essence of hypotyposis at the time of change. The main aim of this article was to show the way, which was used by Ovid, the Latin poet, to stir in the reader the strongest of feelings (mouere).Metamorfozy Owidiusza stanowią doskonały materiał do badań nad figurami retorycznymi, a w szczególności nad hipotypozą (euidentia). Występująca bowiem często w towarzystwie innych figur (enumeratio, accumulare res, comparatio, gradatio) hipotypoza, odgrywa wyjątkową rolę w owidiańskiej narracji, a zwłaszcza w momencie kluczowym dla każdej przemiany, jakim jest płynne przejście jednego bytu w drugi. W niniejszej pracy zostały prześledzone głównie fragmenty, które zarówno w sposób dokładny (perspicuitas), jak i przekonujący (persuasio) ukazują zmieniające się ludzkie ciało z punktu widzenia fizjonomii i anatomii. Historie Dafne, Myrry, Ocyrhoé, Aglauros czy Niobe, to tylko niektóre przykłady, które posłużyły do analiz w celu zbadania, na czym polegała istota hypotypozy w momencie przemiany. Celem artykułu było również ukazanie, w jaki sposób łaciński poeta korzystał z tej silnej pod względem natury figury retorycznej (figura ad delectandum), aby wzbudzić u czytelnika jak najgłębsze przeżycia (mouere)

Na styku medycyny i literatury: Thomas Sonnet de Courval i Louis de Caseneuve

W niniejszym artykule zestawiono i porównano dwóch lekarzy-humanistów, którzy żyli i tworzyli w pierwszej połowie XVII wieku. Interesując się jednocześnie literaturą i medycyną, pozostawili oni po sobie dzieła ukazujące wielorakość składników kultury tamtego okresu. Choć specjalizowali się w różnych gatunkach literackich, w satyrze i w emblemacie, to obaj wykorzystali teorię czterech płynów ustrojowych w oryginalny i właściwy sobie sposób. Pierwszy z nich, Thomas Sonnet de Courval (1577-1627), zastosował tę teorię w kontekście tradycyjnego sporu o kobietę do wyjaśnienia sporów małżeńskich, dając po raz pierwszy nie wartościującą, lecz naukową ich wykładnię. Drugi z autorów natomiast, Louis de Caseneuve (1577-1627), starał się uwypuklić dominujące cechy każdego z czterech temperamentów po to, aby za pomocą alegorii i mnemotechniki ułatwić zapamiętywanie doktryny fizjologicznej. Utwory tych dwóch humanistów stanowią tym samym interesujący przykład przenikania medycyny do sztuki literackiej w epoce późnego Renesansu.This study considers and compares two humanist physicians who lived and were actif in the first half of the 17th century. Both of them interested in literature and medicine created works that testify to the multifaceted culture of the period. Within two different literary genres, satire and emblem, and in their own distinctive way, they deal with the doctrine of the four temperaments. Thomas Sonnet de Courval (1577-1627) perceives the theory from the perspective of the contemporary literary “Debate on Women” which discussed the institution of marriage, and gives not an axiological, but a scientific explanation of the issues raised. On the other hand, Louis de Caseneuve (1577-1627) tries to stress dominant features of the four temperaments in order to facilitate memorizing the physiological doctrine through allegory and mnemotechnics. The works of these two authors are interesting examples of how medicine and literature are interwoven in the humanist culture of the late Renaissance period

Reading and Annotating Galen between 1515–1531: on some Latin Galen Editions in the Library of the Carmelites in Cracow

Copies of early-printed books have been of interest to to-day’s collectors and researchers not only for their material aspects (names of publishers and places of printing, fonts and composition, number of known copies etc.), but also because they bear signs of their often erratic history following their publication. The path followed by a particular copy of an early-printed book is reflected in its general state as an object (for instance the state of its binding), but also in its internal aspect. On the pages of a copy of an early-printed book, annotations, drawings doodles or graphics testify to the intimate relationship that its owners entertained with it. To better understand how owners dealt with copies of the books they possessed, this paper examines the annotations found in copies of some books that belong to the Carmelite convent in Cracow. We hope to bring to the attention of scholars, copies of works of Galen housed in this library, and primarily to set a perspective on how books were read by cultured individuals of in the 16th century period. To do so, we analyse copies of the 1507 Venice edition of the Articella and a copy of Latin edition of Galien (Iuntae, Venice, 1531). We attempt to identify the intellectual perspectives from which cultured readers approached such texts in the 16th century

Aromatherapy in Times of Plague in France (XVIth-XVIIth century)

Historians of medicine often write of “the psychosis” and “the omnipresent fear” that, in the Middle Ages, paralyzed the whole European population, due to the many mysteries that surrounded the plague, its origin, its inexplicable recurrence and its nature. These mysteries led to an abundance of treatises on the plague written in Latin as well as in the vernacular, which appeared in the XVIth and XVIIth centuries in France. Their authors, physicians, barber-surgeons and apothecaries, advanced theories and proposed efficient prophylactic treatments. Our research is principally concerned with the status of the proposed remedies, in particular on the importance of their aromas. We first consider the role assigned to the quality of the air (climate, home), to its alterations and to the best means of improving it (fumigation, incense). We then examine the aromatic composition of the remedies proposed, focusing on their forms and uses

Les phobies dans le discours médical en France aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles

From the point of view of the ancient medicine, apprehension, which is a feeling of fear and uncertainty regarding the probable outcome or consequences of something, significantly tormented the soul rather than the human body. Altogether with anger, hatred, and yearning, it was classified into the serious diseases, called by the physicians “perturbations of spirit” (perturbationes animi). The regimina sanitatis genre provided all the information about them. In this article, we presented a type of the apprehension which today we would term a phobia and describe it as a neurotic disorder. Firstly, we concentrated on the place of the apprehension amongst the other sicknesses of the soul. Secondly, we investigated two kinds of fear, its sources, and its peculiar symptoms. Finally, we depicted a few cases of phobia (musophobia, ailurophobia, hydrophobia, batophobia, etc.) rarely mentioned in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century medical discourses.La crainte – état d’angoisse ou d’incertitude quant aux résultats de quelque chose – affligeait, selon l’ancienne médecine, plutôt l’âme que le corps humain. À l’instar de la colère, de la haine et de la tristesse, les médecins comptaient la crainte parmi les graves maladies appelées « perturbations de l’âme » (perturbationes animi). Les régimes de santé (regimina sanitatis) fournissent nombre d’informations sur ces affections. Dans cet article, nous nous sommes penchées sur cette crainte que nous qualifierions aujourd’hui de phobie et définirions comme une perturbation du système nerveux. D’abord, nous nous sommes concentrées sur la place de la crainte parmi les autres perturbations de l’âme. Ensuite, nous avons analysé deux genres de crainte, leurs causes ainsi que leurs symptômes respectifs. Enfin, nous avons rapporté quelques cas de phobies (musophobie, ailurophobie, hydrophobie, batophobie, etc.) dont les médecins parlent rarement dans leurs discours médicaux aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles

“Digression on ‘Contempt’ in Gaspard Bachot’s Medical Work Les Erreurs populaires”

Digressions are not uncommon in medical treatises published in France during the Seventeenth century, but rare are those of more than a few pages in length, and rarer those that treat of « le mespris ». The digression we consider here is found in Les Erreurs populaires, by Gaspard Bachot (1570-1630), a bourbonnnais physician, conseiller et médecin du Roy, in Moulin. We first situate this digression which takes up eleven pages of Bachot’s book, in the context of the medical knowledge of the period, and trace its genre and its genesis: Bachot’s Erreurs were written as a continuation of the Montpellier Professor of Medicine Laurent Joubert’s own Les Erreurs populaires. We then show the reasons of the contempt shown, during the period, in and for medicine, as an academic physician like Bachot sees them. Finally, his balanced view of the established hierarchy of the medical professions, leads him to propose a set of Commandments that need to be honoured by young physicians, in order to ensure a professional ethical conduct.Dans le discours scientifique au XVIIe siècle en France, la digression est un procédé rhétorique souvent utilisé par les auteurs. Une excursion longue de onze pages reste cependant une rareté dans l’art d’Esculape, plus encore quand elle traite du mépris. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d’analyser une digression sur les causes du mépris du milieu médical se trouvant dans les Erreurs populaires de Gaspard Bachot (1570-1630), conseiller et médecin du Roy à Moulin. Afin de faciliter la compréhension du mépris et de son objet dans le contexte du savoir médical, nous essayons d’abord de situer ce fragment dans le cadre de la genèse de l’ouvrage lui-même (Les Erreurs populaires de Bachot comme continuation des Erreurs populaires de Laurent Joubert). Ensuite, nous étudions le contenu de la digression bachotienne afin d’en dégager les principaux motifs du mépris relevés par le médecin dans la médecine de l’époque. Leur analyse fera ensuite apparaître une hiérarchie du corps médical. Nous terminerons notre parcours par la présentation d’un manifeste éthique embrassant le canon des règles qui, seules, selon Bachot, peuvent sauver la médecine

Guarding Yourself against the Tyranny of the Plague in France (16th-17th Century)

Extending current research on pandemics in Europe and in particular in 16th and 17th century France, we have proposed to examine in this article the medical recommendations that aimed to protect patients from plague epidemics. Based on health regimes and plague treatises of the time, we analyzed the instructions offered by doctors, surgeons and apothecaries, to lead a healthy, virtuous life and preserved from disease. In the first part, we reminded contemporary reader of the foundations and theories of ancient medicine which, based on a complex and coherent system, favored the “middle ground” and sobriety. In the second part, we have grouped together the various prophylactic prescriptions relating to the six unnatural things, focusing on eating and drinking, movement and rest, the evacuation of superfluous humors and the control of passions.Prolongeant les recherches actuelles sur les pandémies en Europe et en particulier dans la France des XVIe et XVIIe siècles, nous nous sommes proposés d’examiner dans le présent article les recommandations médicales qui visaient à protéger les patients des épidémies de peste. En nous appuyant sur les régimes de santé et sur les traités de pestes de l’époque, nous avons analysé les instructions proposées par les médecins, chirurgiens et apothicaires, pour mener une vie saine, vertueuse et préservée de la maladie. Dans la première partie, nous avons rappelé au lecteur contemporain les fondements et théories de l’ancienne médecine qui, sur la base d’un système complexe et cohérent, privilégiait le « juste milieu » et la sobriété. Dans la seconde partie, nous avons regroupé les diverses prescriptions prophylactiques relatives aux six choses non-naturelles en nous concentrant sur le manger et le boire, le mouvement et le repos, l’évacuation des humeurs superflues et la conduite des passions

Représenter la flaua bilis: le portait du colérique dans l’Iconologia de Cesare Ripa

Representing the flaua bilis: the Portrait of the Choleric in Cesare Ripa’s Iconology. The theory of the four humours (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile) forms the basis of ancient medicine. Coming from the Hippocratic corpus and completed by Galen of Pergamum (129–216 AD) in his De Temperamentis by means of individual complexions (blood, phlegmatic, angry, melancholic), this theory is essential in modern Europe after more than two thousand years of transmission, development and practice of medicine. Our article aims to examine its fortune in the Iconology of the Italian scholar Cesare Ripa (1555–1622). Starting with the Roman edition of 1603, he enriched his famous allegorical repertoire with a complex entry encoding the four temperaments: Collerico per il fuoco, Sanguigno per l’aria, Flemmatico per l’acqua, Malenconico per la terra. We work here only with the Choleric and undertake to determine the reasons which governed the choice of the attributes retained by C. Ripa (youth, nudity, sword, shield adorned with a flame, lion, fury in the gaze) to offer poets, painters and sculptors the archetype of a figure dominated by yellow, hot and dry bile. To this end, we analyze the medical, literary and iconographic sources on which the author relies, considering also the richness and complexity of the medical discourse he had at his disposal and the very purpose of his Iconology

Is the diagnostic function of pacemakers a reliable source of information about ventricular arrhythmias?

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of pacemaker diagnostic function in diagnosing ventricular arrhythmias. Methods: We compared the occurrence of ventricular ectopic beats in 51 simultaneous 24-hour electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings and pacemaker event counters printouts. The diagnostic function of a pacemaker allowed also for a qualitative assessment in 38 patients. In these cases, the occurrence of complex forms of ventricular arrhythmias was cross-checked for accelerated ventricular rhythms together with ventricular tachycardia, and triplets and couplets. The detection of at least one type of complex ventricular form of arrhythmia, diagnosed by both methods, was considered as an agreement between the methods. Results: The results of ventricular ectopic beat counts differed significantly between the methods. In three (6%) patients, the results were consistent; in 20 (39%) the pacemaker underestimated results; in 28 (55%) they were overestimated. When more liberal criteria of agreement were applied, clinically significant differences were observed in 24 (47%) patients; in seven (29%) patients the count made by the pacemaker was lowered; and in 17 (71%) it was overestimated. Ventricular tachycardias were recorded in 24-hour ECG in eight patients. In three, they were identified by the pacemaker diagnostic function. In five, the pacemaker did not recognize tachycardia (because of its frequency being below 120/min). In nine, tachycardia was recognized falsely. The sensitivity in ventricular tachycardia diagnosis by pacemaker diagnostic function was 38%, specificity - 70%, the value of a positive result - 25%, negative - 81%. Conclusions: The evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias by pacemaker cannot serve as the only reliable diagnostic method of arrhythmias. The presence of a large number of sequences that may correspond to ventricular arrhythmia or failure to sense, should result in verification via 24-hour ECG monitoring. (Cardiol J 2010; 17, 5: 495-502

Préface

Le présent volume, "L’art de vivre, de survivre, de revivre", a été pensé et proposé pendant que nous vivions, semblait-il, l’une des catastrophes les plus terribles de notre temps – la pandémie de Covid. En suggérant ce thème aux contributeurs pour célébrer notre 50e anniversaire, nous espérions ouvrir un champ de réflexion permettant d’envisager la période avec plus de recul et de détachement. Tel est, après tout, l’objectif de la recherche universitaire et nous remercions les Auteures et Auteurs ici rassemblés d’avoir répondu à nos attentes. Mais voici qu’à quelques semaines de la parution de ce volume, nous assistons, incrédules, à l’invasion de l’Ukraine par les armées russes. La question de l’art de vivre, de survivre et de revivre se pose à nouveau et dans les termes exprimés maintes fois dans ce volume. Gageons que nous saurons tirer des conclusions de nos recherches quelques enseignements utiles pour affronter les nombreux bouleversements à venir