Effect of a dry acidulant coating on the palatability of dry extruded dog food

Citation: Jeffrey, A. M., Aldrich, G. C., Huss, A. R., Knueven, C. J., & Jones, C. K. (2016). Effect of a dry acidulant coating on the palatability of dry extruded dog food. Journal of Animal Science, 94, 114-114. doi:10.2527/msasas2016-242In the pet food industry, Salmonella is getting greater scrutiny because it is considered a “reasonably foreseeable hazard” with the implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act. Specifically, there is zero tolerance for any serotype of Salmonella in pet foods. Salmonella contamination was responsible for 78% of the Class I recalls in pet food according to the most recent Reportable Food Registry Report (FDA, 2015). One potential method of Salmonella mitigation shown to be effective was through coating the exterior of the kibble with a powdered dry acidulant, such as sodium bisulfate (SBS; Jones-Hamilton, Co.). Sodium bisulfate coating on both dog and cat kibbles was shown to provide complete mitigation of Salmonella within 14-d storage (Jeffrey et al., 2014). However, it is thought that the use of dry acidulant with a palatant for coating kibble may negatively impact palatability of a dry dog food. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine if the use of a dry acidulant, SBS, would influence the palatability of a dry dog food. A single dry extruded all life stages dog food was collected from a commercial pet food manufacturer before the coating step. The kibble was coated with either 2.2% spray dried chicken liver + 0.2% SBS or 2.2% spray dried chicken liver + 0.2% powdered silica (control). A total of 20 beagles were used in a standard 2-bowl forced choice palatability test method for 2 d. Dogs were fed 400 g of both diets once per day, with bowls rotated daily to address side bias. Results were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (Cary, NC). The inclusion of SBS did not affect daily preference of diet (P = 0.23). Furthermore, there was no effect of day (P = 0.18) or the interaction of treatment × day (P = 0.98). These results demonstrate that palatability is not affected by the inclusion of SBS with a palatant in the coating of dog food kibble. Considering that the inclusion of SBS has been shown to be effective at mitigating Salmonella in pet food and no negative effects on palatability were observed, the use of a dry acidulant in a dog food coating gives the industry a promising method to control Salmonella contamination of finished dog foods

The Implementation and Food Safety Issues Associated With Poultry Processing Reuse Water for Conventional Poultry Production Systems in the United States

As human populations increase in numbers, access to clean, fresh water is becoming increasingly difficult to balance between agricultural and municipal demands. Water scarcity is a limiting factor of food production in many countries, whether they are emerging or established economies. In conventional poultry processing systems, access to water is particularly critical for the maintenance and disinfection of processing areas, as well as in processing operations such as scalding, chilling, and carcass washing. Therefore, poultry processing plants use an excessive amount of water, limiting where facilities can operate, increasing overhead costs, and ultimately resulting in potential environmental concerns. The need for sustainable alternatives to single-use water supplies is becoming increasingly more urgent. As a result, the implementation of water reuse in poultry-processing plants has emerged as an attractive alternative means to meet water requirements during processing. Because the water is reused, it is essential to de-contaminate the water with chemicals, such as peracetic acid and chlorine, and improve water filtration strategies to kill and remove potential pathogens and contaminants. However, questions remain as to the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants to achieve that goal. Thus, novel strategies must be developed to improve the capabilities of poultry processing plants to counter water insecurity worldwide. These new stratagems must be economical and enable poultry processing plants to reduce their environmental footprint while meeting new food safety challenges. The current review will focus exclusively on water reuse in conventional poultry processing in the United States. The specific objectives of this review are to discuss the approaches for treating processing water in poultry processing systems, including reuse water systems, as well as investigate possible substitutes for maintaining food safety

Application of an Alternative Inorganic Acid Antimicrobial for Controlling Listeria monocytogenes in Frankfurters

The prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes under refrigerated conditions is a concern for ready to eat meats like Frankfurters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal effect of potential antimicrobials, Bisulfate of Soda (SBS), nisin, and their combination on L. monocytogenes in frankfurters. Antimicrobial treatment concentrations of SBS and nisin were indicated by performing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test. Results of the MIC indicated the concentrations 0.75 and 1.5% SBS and 0.5, 1, and 2% nisin. Frankfurters were inoculated with L. monocytogenes (initial population: 6.65 log CFU/mL and treated with water, SBS (0.75 and 1.5%) nisin (0.5, 1, and 2%) and combinations (0.75% SBS+0.5% nisin, 0.75% SBS+1% nisin, 1.5% SBS+1% nisin, and 1.5% SBS+2% nisin). After treatment, frankfurters were removed, rinsed in neutralizing buffer, and plated on Oxford agar. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA, linear contrasts and pairwise comparisons in JMP 14.0. Differences were determined using Tukey's protected HSD and considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. The treatment 1.5% SBS + 2% nisin exhibited the greatest reduction of L. monocytogenes (2.66 log CFU/mL; P < 0.001). Although the effectiveness of both SBS and nisin concentrations were similar when compared to (0.75% SBS-2.19 log CFU/mL; 1.5% SBS-2.29 log CFU/mL; 5% nisin-1.99 log CFU/mL; 1% nisin-2.47 log CFU/mL; 2% nisin-2.42 log CFU/mL), there was a linear effect shown by the SBS and nisin treatments compared to the tap water treatment (P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001). The effectiveness of 0.75% SBS compared to other treatments using Pairwise comparisons determined that frankfurters treated with 0.75% SBS and 0.75% SBS+1% nisin resulted in lower L. monocytogenes populations than tap water (TW), whereas 0.75% SBS+0.5% nisin was not different (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, when evaluating the efficacy of 1.5% SBS using Pairwise comparisons, 1.5% SBS, and 1.5% SBS combinations were all significantly different than TW (P < 0.0001). Together, both antimicrobials can reduce Listeria without diminishing the appearance of the frankfurter. The results suggest incorporating SBS and nisin as an alternative antimicrobials for frankfurters can be effective for decreasing L. monocytogenes

The Efficacy of Sodium Bisulfate Salt (SBS) Alone and Combined With Peracetic Acid (PAA) as an Antimicrobial on Whole Chicken Drumsticks Artificially Inoculated With Salmonella Enteritidis

The presence of Salmonella spp. on poultry products is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in the United States. Therefore, novel antimicrobial substances are being explored as potential interventions in poultry processing facilities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of varying concentrations of sodium bisulfate salt, SBS, alone or in combination with peracetic acid, PAA, in 15 s whole part dips. Ninety six drumsticks (4 replications, 8 treatments, 3 days) were inoculated separately in a 400 mL solution of nalidixic resistant (NA) Salmonella Enteritidis (107 CFU/mL) and allowed to adhere for 60 to 90 min at 4°C for a final concentration of 106 CFU/g. The experimental treatments included: a no treatment (control), and 15 s dips in 300 mL of tap water alone (TW) or with the addition of 1; 2; and 3% SBS; 1; 2; and 3% SBS+PAA. After treatment, drumsticks were stored at 4°C until microbial sampling was conducted. On d 0, l, and 3, drumsticks were rinsed in 150 mL of nBPW for 1 min, 100 μL of rinsate was serially diluted, spread plated on XLT4+NA (20 μg/mL), and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h. Log-transformed counts were analyzed using a randomized complete block design (day) using One-Way ANOVA, polynomial contrasts, and pairwise comparisons with means being separated by Tukey's HSD with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. A treatment by day interaction (P = 0.14071) was not substantial. Thus, the treatment effect was investigated separately by days. Over time, a linear trend was observed in S. Enteritidis concentration when SBS was increased (1 < 2 < 3%). The concentration of S. Enteritidis was different between 1% SBS and 1% SBS+PAA on d 0. However, the level of S. Enteritidis was not different among drumsticks treated in 2 and 3% SBS and 2 and 3% SBS+PAA across d 0, 1, 3. The application of 3% SBS alone or in combination with 200 ppm of PAA is capable of reducing the presence of Salmonella over a 3-d refrigeration period; potentially increasing the safety of poultry products for consumers