270 research outputs found

    Towards Design Excellence for Context-Aware Services - The Case of Mobile Navigation Apps

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    To satisfy service customers and create unique value in a digitized world, companies must strive for exceeding customers’ expectations of e-service experience by establishing high e-service quality. However, an increasing amount of e-services is performed by context-aware mobile technology, which is able to sense and react to changes in the user’s environment. Although these context-aware services are able to address our personal needs and already determine our everyday live, knowledge on how to develop such services is sparse. In our study, we qualitatively compare three mobile navigation apps based on their user reviews in order to elicit first requirements and design approaches for e-service quality oriented design. Results show that well known e-service quality models are not fully applicable to the case of mobile navigation services

    Influence of cloud microphysics schemes on weather model predictions of heavy precipitation

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    Cloud microphysics is one of the major sources of uncertainty in numerical weather prediction models. In this work, the ability of a numerical weather prediction model to correctly predict high-impact weather events, i.e., hail and heavy rain, using different cloud microphysics schemes is evaluated statistically. Polarimetric C-band radar observations over 30 convection days are used as observation dataset. Simulations are made using the regional-scale Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) with five microphysical schemes of varying complexity (double moment, spectral bin (SBM), and particle property prediction (P3)). Statistical characteristics of heavy rain and hail events of varying intensities are compared between simulations and observations. All simulations, regardless of the microphysical scheme, predict heavy rain events that cover larger average areas than those observed by radar. The frequency of these heavy rain events is similar to radar-measured heavy rain events, but still scatters by a factor of 2 around the observations, depending on the microphysical scheme. The model is generally unable to simulate extreme hail events with reflectivity thresholds of 55 dBZ and higher, although they have been observed by radar during the evaluation period. For slightly weaker hail/graupel events, only the P3 model is able to reproduce the observed statistics. Analysis of the raindrop size distribution in combination with the model mixing ratio shows that the P3, Thompson 2-mom, and Thompson aerosol-aware models produce large raindrops too frequently, and the SBM model misses large rain and graupel particles.</p

    Die KapazitÀt von Nebenströmen auf stÀdtischen Vorfahrtknoten

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    Untersucht wird die KapazitĂ€t von Nebenströmen auf Knotenpunkten, die - mit dem Verkehrszeichen 301 bzw. 306 sowie dem Verkehrszeichen 205 geregelt werden, - keine abknickende Vorfahrt aufweisen, - auf zweistreifigen Stadtstraßen liegen und - eigene Fahrstreifen fĂŒr Linksabbieger auf der Hauptstraße besitzen. Aufbauend auf vorhandenen Untersuchungen werden Auswirkungen von Fahrzeugstrom- und Straßencharakteristiken auf die KapazitĂ€t von Nebenströmen sowie verschiedene Aspekte des unmittelbaren Verkehrsablaufs auf Vorfahrtknoten analysiert. Fahrzeugstrom- und Straßencharakteristiken, die zu einer verstĂ€rkten Pulkbildung in ĂŒbergeordneten Fahrzeugströmen fĂŒhren, ziehen im Vergleich mit zufĂ€lligem Verkehrsfluss eine KapazitĂ€tserhöhung nach sich. Mit Hilfe eines erstellten Bewertungsschemas ist es möglich, die Auswirkungen auf die KapazitĂ€t von Nebenströmen zu quantifizieren. Um die Interaktionen zwischen einander untergeordneten Fahrzeugströmen bei der KapazitĂ€tsberechnung zu berĂŒcksichtigen, werden - die Wahrscheinlichkeit fĂŒr rĂŒckstaufreien Zustand, - die Zusammensetzung des Hauptstroms von kreuzenden Fahrzeugen und Linkseinbiegern sowie - die Berechnung der KapazitĂ€t von Mischströmen mit Hilfe von Simulationen untersucht. Zur Berechnung der Wahrscheinlichkeit fĂŒr rĂŒckstaufreien Zustand wird ein vereinfachtes Verfahren dargelegt, das auf bereits vorhandene Arbeiten aufbaut. FĂŒr die Zusammensetzung des Hauptstroms von kreuzenden Fahrzeugen und Linkseinbiegern werden die AnsĂ€tze aus frĂŒheren Untersuchungen prĂ€zisiert, indem die Interaktionen zwischen einander vorfahrtrechtlich untergeordneten Fahrzeugströmen stĂ€rker berĂŒcksichtigt werden. Eine PrĂ€zisierung erfĂ€hrt ebenfalls der Ansatz fĂŒr die Berechnung der gemeinsamen KapazitĂ€t von Mischströmen in Nebenstraßenzufahrten. Hierbei wird gezeigt, dass die gegenseitigen Behinderungen von Fahrzeugen innerhalb von Mischströmen, im Vergleich mit dem bisherigen Ansatz, zu einer niedrigeren gemeinsamen KapazitĂ€t fĂŒhren

    Der Einfluss des thrombozytĂ€ren Kollagenrezeptors GPVI auf die InfarktgrĂ¶ĂŸe im myokardialen IschĂ€mie-Reperfusionsmodell der Maus

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    Im Rahmen des Wissenszuwachses der molekularen Pathophysiologie des Myokardinfarktes konnte in der Vergangenheit gezeigt werden, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen ThrombozytenadhĂ€sion an freiliegendes Kollagen der GefĂ€ĂŸwand, Thrombozytenaktivierung mit daraus resultierender Thrombembolisierung und schließlich Ausdehnung des durch die IschĂ€mie geschĂ€digten Bereiches besteht. GPVI wird in der aktuellen Literatur als der wesentliche thrombozytĂ€re OberflĂ€chenrezeptor fĂŒr Kollagen beschrieben: durch die initiale AdhĂ€sion ĂŒber GPVI kommt es zur Thrombozytenaktivierung und zur Thrombusbildung. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es zum einen, erstmals in einem murinen IschĂ€mie-Reperfusions-Modell den Einfluss des GPVI auf das Infarktgeschehen am Myokard zu untersuchen. Weiterhin sollte der therapeutische Nutzen des soluble GPVI-Fc, einer löslichen klonierten Form des GPVI-Rezeptors, fĂŒr die Therapie und Prophylaxe eines Myokardinfarktes im Tiermodell geprĂŒft werden. Dazu wurde je einer Gruppe von 10 mĂ€nnlichen MĂ€usen des Stammes C57Bl/6J mit einen Körpergewicht von 20 bis 30 g eine Stunde prae-interventionell (intravenös) und 12 h (intraperitoneal) nach der kĂŒnstlich hervorgerufenen IschĂ€mie 100 ”g soluble GPVI-Fc bzw. Kontroll-Fc appliziert. Sodann wurden die Tiere mit MMF und zur Erhaltung mit Isofluran anĂ€sthesiert. Nach intratrachealer Intubation und lateraler inter-kostaler Thorakotomie im 4. Interkostalraum erhielten beide Gruppen fĂŒr 30 Minuten eine partielle MyokardischĂ€mie durch vollstĂ€ndige Ligatur der linken Koronararterie. Nach 24 Stunden anschließender Reperfusionsphase wurden die Tiere erneut anĂ€sthesiert, euthanasiert und die Herzen entnommen. Diese wurden mit 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium-Chlorid (TTC) und Evansblue so gefĂ€rbt, dass Area at risk (AAR), Infarkt (I) und Area not at risk (AnAR) unterschieden werden können. Anschließend wurden die Herzen geschnitten und die ca. 1mm starken Schnitte photographiert, um die InfarktgrĂ¶ĂŸe planimetrisch zu bestimmen. Außerdem wurde die Herzfunktion beider Gruppen prae- und postoperativ echokardiographisch untersucht. Trotz gleichgroßer Area at risk beider Gruppen konnte in der Soluble-GPVI-Fc-Gruppe die planimetrisch ermittelte InfarktgrĂ¶ĂŸe I/AAR (16,17±11,31%) gegenĂŒber der Fc-Kontrollgruppe (31,12 ±13 %) signifikant (Signifikanzniveau p=0,019) reduziert werden. Bei der Echokardiographie war allerdings kein signifikanter Unterschied in der Herzfunktion beider Gruppen festzustellen. Die in dieser Studie erreichte Reduktion der InfarktgrĂ¶ĂŸe durch die beschriebene Intervention zeigt erstmals die Möglichkeit eines therapeutischen Nutzens fĂŒr soluble GPVI-Fc durch Blockade der initialen ThrombozytenadhĂ€sion und Aktivierung der Thrombozyten fĂŒr die PrĂ€vention und Behandlung des Myokardinfarktes auf

    The effect of dry and wet deposition of condensable vapors on secondary organic aerosols concentrations over the continental US

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    The effect of dry and wet deposition of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the gas phase on the concentrations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is reassessed using recently derived water solubility information. The water solubility of SVOCs was implemented as a function of their volatility distribution within the WRF-Chem regional chemistry transport model, and simulations were carried out over the continental United States for the year 2010. Results show that including dry and wet removal of gas-phase SVOCs reduces annual average surface concentrations of anthropogenic and biogenic SOA by 48 and 63% respectively over the continental US. Dry deposition of gas-phase SVOCs is found to be more effective than wet deposition in reducing SOA concentrations (−40 vs. −8% for anthropogenics, and −52 vs. −11% for biogenics). Reductions for biogenic SOA are found to be higher due to the higher water solubility of biogenic SVOCs. The majority of the total mass of SVOC + SOA is actually deposited via the gas phase (61% for anthropogenics and 76% for biogenics). Results are sensitive to assumptions made in the dry deposition scheme, but gas-phase deposition of SVOCs remains crucial even under conservative estimates. Considering reactivity of gas-phase SVOCs in the dry deposition scheme was found to be negligible. Further sensitivity studies where we reduce the volatility of organic matter show that consideration of gas-phase SVOC removal still reduces average SOA concentrations by 31% on average. We consider this a lower bound for the effect of gas-phase SVOC removal on SOA concentrations. A saturation effect is observed for Henry's law constants above 108 M atm−1, suggesting an upper bound of reductions in surface level SOA concentrations by 60% through removal of gas-phase SVOCs. Other models that do not consider dry and wet removal of gas-phase SVOCs would hence overestimate SOA concentrations by roughly 50%. Assumptions about the water solubility of SVOCs made in some current modeling systems (H* = H* (CH3COOH); H* = 105 M atm−1; H* = H* (HNO3)) still lead to an overestimation of 35%/25%/10% compared to our best estimate

    Classifying Smart Personal Assistants: An Empirical Cluster Analysis

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    The digital age has yielded systems that increasingly reduce the complexity of our everyday lives. As such, smart personal assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa or Apple’s Siri combine the comfort of intuitive natural language interaction with the utility of personalized and situation-dependent information and service provision. However, research on SPAs is becoming increasingly complex and opaque. To reduce complexity, this paper introduces a classification system for SPAs. Based on a systematic literature review, a cluster analysis reveals five SPA archetypes: Adaptive Voice (Vision) Assistants, Chatbot Assistants, Embodied Virtual Assistants, Passive Pervasive Assistants, and Natural Conversation Assistants

    Value Co-Creation in Smart Services: A Functional Affordances Perspective on Smart Personal Assistants

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    In the realm of smart services, smart personal assistants (SPAs) have become a popular medium for value co-creation between service providers and users. The market success of SPAs is largely based on their innovative material properties, such as natural language user interfaces, machine learning-powered request handling and service provision, and anthropomorphism. In different combinations, these properties offer users entirely new ways to intuitively and interactively achieve their goals and thus co-create value with service providers. But how does the nature of the SPA shape value co-creation processes? In this paper, we look through a functional affordances lens to theorize about the effects of different types of SPAs (i.e., with different combinations of material properties) on users’ value co-creation processes. Specifically, we collected SPAs from research and practice by reviewing scientific literature and web resources, developed a taxonomy of SPAs’ material properties, and performed a cluster analysis to group SPAs of a similar nature. We then derived 2 general and 11 cluster-specific propositions on how different material properties of SPAs can yield different affordances for value co-creation. With our work, we point out that smart services require researchers and practitioners to fundamentally rethink value co-creation as well as revise affordances theory to address the dynamic nature of smart technology as a service counterpart

    An advanced scheme for wet scavenging and liquid-phase chemistry in a regional online-coupled chemistry transport model

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    Clouds are reaction chambers for atmospheric trace gases and aerosols, and the associated precipitation is a major sink for atmospheric constituents. The regional chemistry-climate model COSMO-ART has been lacking a description of wet scavenging of gases and aqueous-phase chemistry. In this work we present a coupling of COSMO-ART with a wet scavenging and aqueous-phase chemistry scheme. The coupling is made consistent with the cloud microphysics scheme of the underlying meteorological model COSMO. While the choice of the aqueous-chemistry mechanism is flexible, the effects of a simple sulfur oxidation scheme are shown in the application of the coupled system in this work. We give details explaining the coupling and extensions made, then present results from idealized flow-over-hill experiments in a 2-D model setup and finally results from a full 3-D simulation. Comparison against measurement data shows that the scheme efficiently reduces SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; trace gas concentrations by 0.3 ppbv (−30%) on average, while leaving O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; unchanged. PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; aerosol mass was increased by 10% on average. While total PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; changes only little, chemical composition is improved notably. Overestimations of nitrate aerosols are reduced by typically 0.5–1 ÎŒg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; (up to −2 ÎŒg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; in the Po Valley) while sulfate mass is increased by 1–1.5 ÎŒg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; on average (up to 2.5 ÎŒg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; in Eastern Europe). The effect of cloud processing of aerosols on its size distribution, i.e. a shift towards larger diameters, is observed. Compared against wet deposition measurements the system tends to underestimate the total wet deposited mass for the simulated case study
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