The Effects of Mobility on Neighbourhood Social Ties

This research examines the strength of people's ties with close neighbours and the sensitivity thereof to changes in residential mobility, access to modes of public and private transport, and changes in the availability of modern communications technologies using the German Socio-economic Panel Study (SOEP). All forms of mobility have increased over time and are negatively associated with visiting neighbours. With further increases in mobility, close neighbours may become less relevant. Nevertheless, presently the incidence of visits with neighbours is sizeable; in contrast to the frequent assertion in the literature that the neighbourhood is of no importance.Neighbourhood, Social interactions, Mobility, Transport, Internet, Family ties

Income Comparisons among Neighbours and Life Satisfaction in East and West Germany

A series of studies have suggested that changes in others' income may be perceived differently in post-transition and capitalist societies. This paper draws on the German Socio-economic Panel Study (SOEP) matched with micro-marketing indicators of population characteristics in very tightly drawn neighbourhoods to investigate whether reactions to changes in their neighbours' income divide the German nation. We find that the neighbourhood income effect for West Germany is negative (which is in line with the "relative income" hypothesis) and slightly more marked in neighbourhoods that may be assumed to be places where social interactions between neighbours take place. In contrast, the coefficients on neighbourhood income in East Germany are positive (which is consistent with the 'signalling' hypothesis), but statistically not significant. This suggests not only that there is a divide between East and West Germany, but also that neighbours may not be a relevant comparison group in societies that have comparatively low levels of neighbouring.Comparison income, Reference group, Life Satisfaction, Neighbourhood effects

Keeping up with the Schmidts: An Empirical Test of Relative Deprivation Theory in the Neighbourhood Context

We test empirically whether people's life satisfaction depends on their relative income position in the neighbourhood, drawing on a unique dataset, the German Socio-economic Panel Study (SOEP) matched with micro-marketing indicators of population characteristics. Relative deprivation theory suggests that individuals are happier the better their relative income position in the neighbourhood is. To test this theory we estimate micro-economic happiness models for the years 1994 and 1999 with controls for own income and for neighbourhood income at the zip-code level (roughly 9,000 people). There exist no negative and no statistically significant associations between neighbourhood income and life satisfaction, which refutes relative deprivation theory. If anything, we find positive associations between neighbourhood income and happiness in all cross-sectional models and this is robust to a number of robustness tests, including adding in more controls for neighbourhood quality, changing the outcome variable, and interacting neighbourhood income with indicators that proxy the extent to which individuals may be assumed to interact with their neighbours. We argue that the scale at which we measure neighbourhood characteristics may be too large still to identify the comparison effect sought after.Life satisfaction, neighbourhood effects, comparison income, reference group

Keeping Up With the Schmidts: An Empirical Test of Relative Deprivation Theory in the Neighbourhood Context

We test empirically whether people’s life satisfaction depends on their relative income position in the neighbourhood, drawing on a unique dataset, the German Socio-economic Panel Study (SOEP) matched with micro-marketing indicators of population characteristics. Relative deprivation theory suggests that individuals are happier the better their relative income position in the neighbourhood is. To test this theory we estimate micro-economic happiness models for the years 1994 and 1999 with controls for own income and for neighbourhood income at the zip-code level (roughly 9,000 people). There exist no negative and no statistically significant associations between neighbourhood income and life satisfaction, which refutes relative deprivation theory. If anything, we find positive associations between neighbourhood income and happiness in all cross-sectional models and this is robust to a number of robustness tests, including adding in more controls for neighbourhood quality, changing the outcome variable, and interacting neighbourhood income with indicators that proxy the extent to which individuals may be assumed to interact with their neighbours. We argue that the scale at which we measure neighbourhood characteristics may be too large still to identify the comparison effect sought after.Life satisfaction, Neighbourhood effects, Comparison income, Reference group

Income effects on children’s life satisfaction: longitudinal evidence for England

Using longitudinal data for children aged 10-15 years living in England in 2009-2014 we test the hypothesis that income matters for children’s life satisfaction. The results suggest that children are more satisfied with life the more income their family has. Income effects are larger the less income the family has and statistically significant for children from the age of 13. Overall, the effects are small and governments aiming to increase population well-being in this group may expect greater returns from addressing satisfaction gaps experienced during school holidays and focussing on British/Irish white males and females from ethnic minority backgrounds

Fast ein Viertel der Privathaushalte in Deutschland mit Konsumentenkreditverpflichtungen

Der Anteil der Haushalte mit Konsumentenkreditverpflichtungen ist von 1997 bis 2001 gestiegen. Im gesamten Bundesgebiet hatte im Jahre 2001 fast jeder vierte Haushalt Konsumentenkredite abzuzahlen; vier Jahre zuvor war es nicht einmal jeder fünfte Haushalt. Das zeigen Analysen auf Basis des vom DIW Berlin in Zusammenarbeit mit Infratest Sozialforschung erhobenen Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP). Bei den Verschuldungsquoten und der Verschuldungsentwicklung gibt es zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland wesentliche Unterschiede: So liegt der Anteil der ostdeutschen Haushalte mit Kreditverpflichtungen im Schnitt um 7 Prozentpunkte über dem im Westen. Neben der Verschuldungsquote sind auch die durchschnittlichen Beträge, die Haushalte monatlich zur Tilgung und für Zinszahlungen aufbringen müssen, gestiegen. Familien sind in der Gruppe der Haushalte mit Kreditbelastungen besonders stark vertreten; ihre Verschuldung hat stark zugenommen. Aber auch einkommensarme Haushalte gehen Konsumentenkreditverpflichtungen ein, die für sie eine hohe Belastung bedeuten: Im Durchschnitt des Untersuchungszeitraums verwendeten diese Haushalte 22 % ihres monatlichen Haushaltsnettoeinkommens zur Begleichung von Schulden, während es bei anderen Haushalten nur 16 % waren. Für stark verschuldete Haushalte spielt der weitere Ausbau einer qualifizierten Schuldnerberatung eine zentrale Rolle. Zunehmend sollte aber auch auf präventive Maßnahmen gesetzt werden. Hier wäre unter anderem an familienfreundliche Darlehen zu denken. Dabei könnten sowohl vom Staat als auch vom Bankensektor verstärkt Initiativen ausgehen. Da die vorliegenden Daten nur fünf Jahre umfassen und lediglich bis 2001 reichen, bleibt offen, wie sich die Aufnahme von Konsumentenkrediten danach entwickelt hat. Zu vermuten ist aber, dass es einen Rückgang gegeben hat, weil Haushalte in konjunkturschwachen Phasen erfahrungsgemäß vorsichtiger agieren.

An initial look at non-response and attrition in Understanding Society

This paper describes the extent and correlates of non-response at waves 1 and 2 of Understanding Society. We examine both household-level and individual-level non-response at wave 1. For wave 2, we examine attrition relative to wave 1 both in terms of enumerated persons and in terms of adults responding to the individual interview. We analyse separately the general population sample and the ethnic minority boost sample. We also describe attrition for the BHPS sample between wave 18 of the BHPS and wave 2 of Understanding Society, when that sample was incorporated into Understanding Society

Neighborhood Deprivation, Life Satisfaction, and Earnings: Comparative Analyses of Neighborhood Effects at Bespoke Scales

Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage has a profound impact on individuals’ earnings and life satisfaction. Since definitions of the neighborhood and research designs vary greatly across studies, it is difficult to ascertain which neighborhoods and outcomes matter the most. By conducting parallel analyses of the impact of neighborhood deprivation on life satisfaction and earnings at multiple scales, we provide a direct empirical test of which scale matters the most, and whether the effects vary between outcomes. Our identification strategy combines rich longitudinal information on individual characteristics, family background and initial job conditions for England and Wales with econometric estimators that address residential sorting bias, and we compare results for individuals living in choice-restricted social housing with those living in self-selected privately rented housing. We find that the effect of neighborhood deprivation on life satisfaction and wages is negative for both outcomes and largely explained by strong residential sorting on both individual and neighborhood characteristics rather than a genuine causal effect. We also find that the results overall do not vary by neighborhood scale

Multimorbidity is associated with the income, education, employment and health domains of area-level deprivation in adult residents in the UK.

Evidence suggests that there are social inequalities in multimorbidity, with a recent review indicating that area levels of deprivation are consistently associated with greater levels of multimorbidity. Definitions of multimorbidity, the most common of which is the co-occurrence of more than one long term condition, can include long term physical conditions, mental health conditions or both. The most commonly used measure of deprivation in England and Wales is the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), an index of seven different deprivation domains. It is unclear which features of IMD may be mediating associations with multimorbidity. Thus, there may be associations because of the individual characteristics of those living in deprived areas, characteristics of the areas themselves or overlap in definitions. Data from over 25,000 participants (aged 16+) of Understanding Society (Wave 10, 1/2018-3/2020) were used to understand the most salient features of multimorbidity associated with IMD and whether physical or mental conditions are differentially associated with the seven domains of IMD. 24% of participants report multimorbidity. There is an increased prevalence of multimorbidity composed of only long-term physical conditions in the most deprived decile of deprivation (22%, 95% CI[19,25]) compared to the least deprived decile (16%, 95% CI[14,18]). Mental health symptoms but not reporting of conditions vary by decile of IMD. Associations with multimorbidity are limited to the health, income, education and employment domains of IMD. We conclude that multimorbidity represents a substantial population burden, particularly in the most deprived areas in England and Wales