6 research outputs found
Discipline and Indulgence: College Football, Media and the American Way of Life During the Cold War
Can Amphipathic Helices Influence the CNS Antinociceptive Activity of Glycopeptides Related to β‑Endorphin?
Glycosylated
β-endorphin
analogues of various amphipathicity were studied in vitro and in vivo
in mice. Opioid binding affinities of the O-linked glycopeptides (mono-
or disaccharides) and unglycosylated peptide controls were measured
in human receptors expressed in CHO cells. All were pan-agonists,
binding to μ-, δ-, or κ-opioid receptors in the
low nanomolar range (2.2–35 nM <i>K</i><sub>i</sub>’s). The glycoside moiety was required for intravenous (i.v.)
but not for intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) activity. Circular dichroism
and NMR indicated the degree of helicity in H<sub>2</sub>O, aqueous
trifluoroethanol, or micelles. Glycosylation was essential for activity
after i.v. administration. It was possible to manipulate the degree
of helicity by the alteration of only two amino acid residues in the
helical <i>address</i> region of the β-endorphin analogues
without destroying μ-, δ-, or κ-agonism, but the
antinociceptive activity after i.v. administration could not be directly
correlated to the degree of helicity in micelles
Structural Requirements for CNS Active Opioid Glycopeptides
Glycopeptides
related to β-endorphin penetrate the blood–brain
barrier (BBB) of mice to produce antinociception. Two series of glycopeptides
were assessed for opioid receptor binding affinity. Attempts to alter
the mu-selectivity of [d-Ala<sup>2</sup>,<i>N</i>-MePhe<sup>4</sup>,Gly-ol<sup>5</sup>]Âenkephalin (DAMGO)-related
glycopeptides by altering the charged residues of the amphipathic
helical address were unsuccessful. A series of pan-agonists was evaluated
for antinociceptive activity (55 °C tail flick) in mice. A flexible
linker was required to maintain antinociceptive activity. Circular
dichroism (CD) in H<sub>2</sub>O, trifluoroethanol (TFE), and SDS
micelles confirmed the importance of the amphipathic helices (<b>11s</b> → <b>11sG</b> → <b>11</b>) for
antinociception. The glycosylated analogues showed only nascent helices
and random coil conformations in H<sub>2</sub>O. Chemical shift indices
(CSI) and nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) with 600 MHz NMR and CD
confirmed helical structures in micelles, which were rationalized
by molecular dynamics calculations. Antinociceptive studies with mice
confirm that these glycosylated endorphin analogues are potential
drug candidates that penetrate the BBB to produce potent central effects