The importance of insurance in maritime trade of chilled or frozen cargoes

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to present insurance options for chilled and frozen cargo carried by sea and to discuss insurance clauses commonly used and specific to this type of cargo.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: To achieve the goal several research methods were applied: desk study research, exploration method, critical and comparative analysis.FINDINGS: Global reefer freight volumes reached 297 million tonnes in 2021, of which seaborne reefer trade accounting for 46% of all global trade in perishable goods. With a high risk associated with the maritime transport of refrigerated cargo, and given its high value, it is reasonable to conclude an insurance contract. The insurance clauses most commonly used in the transport of chilled and frozen cargoes have been developed separately for frozen/chilled food and for frozen/chilled meat. There are now both old, wellknown sets of clauses dating back to 1986 (for frozen cargo only) and the most recent from 2017 (for chilled and frozen cargo). Although they differ in the scope of insured risks and exclusions, they primarily provide protection against the most relevant risks for this group, i.e., temperature fluctuations or failure of refrigeration equipment. The most comprehensive protection is provided by the Institute Frozen/Meat Extension Clauses (A) 01/03/2017 and the Institute Frozen/Meat Extension Clauses 01/03/2017. The newer version of the clauses does not provide protection against a greater number of risks, but the changes made have adapted the wording of the clauses to be in line with the 2009 universal Institute Cargo Clauses and, having regard to court case law, modified some provisions to avoid discrepancies in interpretation.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of the research can be used by exporters and importers of chilled/frozen food and meat transported by sea, as understanding the key insurance clauses can help them structure their insurance cover to fully meet their needs.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Given the scarcity of information on the insurance specifically designed for chilled and frozen cargo, each study in this field can be considered valuable.peer-reviewe

Loss and damage analysis in international transport of pharmaceutical products

PURPOSE: The purpose of the article is to investigate the main causes and factors of loss or damage of pharmaceutical cargoes in international transport, and brief analysis of trade flows and transport trends in pharmaceuticals provides a background for consideration.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Claims data derived from surveyor company and handled by insurance brokers have been scrutinized. The study sample consisted of 2168 cases examined between 2015 and 2020, and of reports drawn up at the end by a surveyor, that have been systematically analysed every six months to identify the dominant types of damage and the main causes that contributed to the loss or damage of pharmaceuticals.FINDINGS: The research clearly shows that between 2015 and 2019 trade in pharmaceuticals grew from USD 502 billion to USD 636 billion in 2019, i.e., by 26.7%. In parallel with the increase in global trade, the global pharmaceutical transport and logistics market is also developing and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.1% in the period of 2019-2024. Despite advancements in cooling technology and logistics, there are still loss and damage plaguing the industry. The prevailing causes for the frequency of losses have been divided into six categories: 1) refrigerating equipment breakdown or malfunction, 2) unsuitability of packaging and preparation of cargo for transit, 3) delays not only to the destination, but also during transport, 4) human failure, 5) careless handling, 6) Acts of God. However as far as value of loss and damage is concerned, it is the refrigerating equipment breakdown or malfunction that resulted in more than half of the claims.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The research findings and proposed recommendations can be used by risk management professionals, as understanding factors responsible for cargo loss and damage is a prerequisite for effective risk management throughout the entire transport chain.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Given the scarcity of information on the reasons for the loss and damage of pharmaceutical cargoes, each study in this field can be considered valuable.peer-reviewe

Funding for Change: Factors Affecting Foundation Funding of Pre-Collegiate Education Policy in the United States Following the Charlottesville Summit and No Child Left Behind

This dissertation examines philanthropic foundation grant making for early childhood and K-12 education policy in the period 1988 to 2005, focusing on how grant making changed as a result of the Charlottesville Summit in 1989 and the passage of No Child Left Behind in 2001. Using a rational choice frame, I specifically ask if foundations responded to changes in the education policy environment that resulted from those 2 events by changing the levels of government that they target in their education policy grant making. Then, using an institutional frame, I ask if foundation capacity, as measured by their asset size and board size, increases the likelihood of being a foundation that focuses on policy grant making for education and increases the speed of response to changes in the field of foundations and the broader policy environment. Lastly, I employ the organizational ecology frame to ask if foundations have responded to changes in the organizational field of foundations, as the result of the entrance of new foundations that are influenced by broad changes in the business world, to focus their grant making increasingly on advocacy and other policy work. I find that there are a number of foundation characteristics that are associated with the odds of being a policy foundation and with the proportion of grants that policy foundations make for policy activities. I find that overall, following the Charlottesville Summit state targeted grantmaking decreased while nationally (affecting many if not all states) and federally targeted grantmaking rose. And, following the implementation of No Child Left Behind, locally targeted, state targeted and federally targeted grantmaking all increased as a percentage of total policy grantmaking, while nationally targeted grantmaking declined. However, these overall trends obscure important differences between the largest and non-largest foundations. Lastly, I find that grant recipient types also varied by foundation asset size. I conclude that while there is evidence to suggest that foundations behave as rational actors, to some degree, they are less responsive to isomorphic pressures from within the field of foundations than I would have expected. Additionally, rather than seeing tremendous change among the older foundations, the entrance of new foundations into the field of education philanthropy seems to be responsible for the perception that the field has changed dramatically

In search of waste in the supply chain : a value stream analysis in a manufacturing company

PURPOSE: The aim of the paper is to identify waste areas at the production stage in a selected company and to highlight the changes that need to be introduced in order to increase the share of value-added activities across the production process.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The article uses the qualitative research method of a case study. The data was collected from the following sources, MUDA walk, data provided by the audited company, and interviews with company employees. Identification of waste areas was carried out in line with the commonly adopted MUDA categories and drew on value-stream analysis.FINDINGS: The research shows numerous examples of waste mismanagement upon mapping out the value stream for one of the company’s products. In order to increase the value of the chain in which it participates, the company must take relevant corrective actions.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Regardless of business nature and company size, a value-stream map enables the identification of waste areas, which may help reduce or eliminate waste.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The value of this article lies in its universality and applicability. The explored topic remains very current and fits into the market trend of supply-chain improvement.peer-reviewe

The cost of hosting a ferry port : assessing Baltic ferry ports’ negative impact on urban areas and their strategies to mitigate it

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to assess the negative impact of the leading Baltic ferry ports on the urban areas where ferry services are provided, as well as the strategies adopted to mitigate this impact. Design/Methodology/Approach: Several research methods were applied: literature review, data exploration method, desk research and comparative analysis. As this is a pilot study, the comparison is limited to: (a) the ferry ports with the largest turnover of wheeled cargo units; (b) selected criteria i.e., location, access infrastructure, investments in modern eco-friendly solutions. Findings: (1) almost all leading ferry ports within the BSR have developed solutions aimed at reducing the negative impact of their cargo operations on the port city and environment; (2) some ferry ports have actively responded to the IMO's call to cooperate with shipowners subsumed in Resolution MEPC.323(74). Practical Implications: This study allows to highlight the best practices to minimize the negative impact of ferry ports on urban areas, as well as indicate examples of effective cooperation with ferry operators in the BSR, which can be a model for other ferry ports. Originality/Value: So far, no research has been conducted on the activities undertaken by the ferry terminals to eliminate the externalities of their activities, which causes a research gap in this area.peer-reviewe

THE PRECAUTIONARY PROCEDURES IN THE CASE OF NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THE BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT CON-VENTION’S STANDARDS – POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR POLISH PORTS

On September 8, 2017 the International Convention for the Control and Manage-ment of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWMC) adopted in 2004 will enter into force. It imposes a lot of requirements on shipowners and port states. The aim of this article is to elaborate on the possible solutions that may be adopted in Polish ports as precau-tionary measures in the case of non-compliance with the provisions of BWMC. The article starts with a brief overview of BWMC and ballast water quality stand-ards. Further, it discusses the possible implications of not meeting the ballast water quality standards under BWMC. The elaboration of potential solutions and mitigation measures in the event of non-compliance with the BWMC constitutes the main part of the article. These are crucial to developing a port contingency plan and include, for example, shore-based reception facility for ballast water, mobile ballast water treatment systems, and using potable water. The article ends with a brief analysis of a possible fee systems for reception of ballast water. The research was based on a comprehensive analysis of the Convention and related legal documents, interviews with ports’ representatives as well as e-mail interviews with maritime authorities in the Baltic Sea countries

Straty i szkody w ładunkach żywności szybko psującej się w łańcuchach chłodniczych – analiza empiryczna

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the main causes and factors of losses of or damage to perishable food cargo in the cold chain. The empirical analysis is based on a study of 1816 claims and survey cases conducted by a leading surveyor company in the period 2015-2018. The prevailing causes were divided into five categories: 1) breaking cold chain integrity; 2) unsuitability of packaging, stacking and preparation of cargo for transit (especially the lack of or insufficient pre-freezing or pre-cooling to the required carrying temperature); 3) delays in delivery; 4) errors and omissions in transport documents or shipment instructions; 5) administrative decisions. A closer examination of the results showed that human error was the root cause of many incidents, being responsible for approximately 50% of all examined claims. This points to the need to raise awareness among all cold chain stakeholders with regard to the specific requirements of perishable food cargo, pointing out in particular that even their minor breach may result in total loss or damage.Celem artykułu była analiza przyczyn strat i szkód w ładunkach żywności szybko psującej się w łańcuchach chłodniczych. Analiza empiryczna 1816 roszczeń i ekspertyz szkodowych przeprowadzonych przez wiodącą firmę rzeczoznawczo-kontrolną w latach 2015-2018 pozwoliła zidentyfikować główne przyczyny strat i szkód w badanej grupie ładunków, które przypisano do jednej z pięciu kategorii: 1) przerwanie integralności łańcucha chłodniczego; 2) niewłaściwe opakowanie, sztauowanie i przygotowanie ładunku do przewozu (szczególnie brak lub niewystraczające wstępne mrożenie lub schłodzenie do wymaganej temperatury); 3) opóźnienia w dostawie; 4) błędy i opuszczenia w dokumentach transportowych i instrukcjach wysyłkowych; 5) decyzje administracyjne. Wnikliwa analiza tych wyników wykazała, że to błąd ludzki leżał u podłoża wielu szkód, przyczyniając się do powstania około 50% z nich. Wskazuje to na potrzebę zwiększania świadomości wśród wszystkich uczestników łańcucha chłodniczego odnośnie do szczególnych wymagań żywności szybko psującej się, gdyż nawet niewielkie odstępstwa od nich mogą prowadzić do poważnej szkody lub straty całkowitej ładunku

Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide Emission from Maritime Transport as a First Step Towards Reducing the GHG Emissions From Shipping

Celem artykułu jest analiza systemów monitorowania, raportowania i weryfikacji (MRV) danych dotyczących zużycia paliwa przez statki i emisji CO2, które stanowią pierwszy krok w trójstopniowym podejściu do redukcji emisji GHG z żeglugi. Analizę przeprowadzono przy użyciu metody badania dokumentów oraz obserwacji uczestniczącej. Na wstępie krótko przedstawiono najnowsze dane dotyczące emisji CO2 z żeglugi międzynarodowej. W dalszej kolejności opisano wymagania przewidziane przez unijne rozporządzenie MRV, które nakłada obowiązek monitoringu CO2 ze statków od początku 2018 roku, oraz etapy dla pierwszego okresu raportowania. Analogicznie przybliżono zasady systemu gromadzenia danych przygotowywanego przez IMO, który miałby obowiązywać od 2019 roku, oraz projekt zmian do załącznika VI konwencji MARPOL w postaci prawidła 22A. Wskazano na istotne wady unijnego systemu MRV oraz główne różnice między systemami Unii Europejskiej i IMO, szczególnie w zakresie udostępniania danych handlowych (np. praca przewozowa).The purpose of the article is to analyse systems of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of fuel consumption and CO2 emission data from ships. The analysis in conducted on the basis of participant observation and document analysis methods. In the introduction the newest data regarding the emission of CO2 from international shipping is briefly presented. The article subsequently describes the obligation to monitor ship’s CO2 emissions imposed by the EU MRV regulation coming into force in 2018, which also defines the stages of the first period of reporting. The analogous global data collection system developed by the IMO, which is expected to commence in 2019, is described together with the draft of amendments to Annex VI of MARPOL convention in the form of regulation 22A. Both systems are compared and contrasted. Crucial shortcomings of the system proposed by the EU are presented and exemplified, in particular with regards to the protection of commercial data (e.g. transport work).emission monitoring, emission of carbon dioxide, maritime transport, regulation MR

Scrubber’y jako odpowiedź armatorów na dyrektywę siarkową i ich implikacje dla gospodarki odpadami w portach bałtyckich

The paper investogates the recent developments in exhaust gas cleaning systems and the growing interests in scrubber installation among ferry and ro-ro shipowners operating on the Baltic Sea. This technology creates the need for reception of scrubber sludge, which is produced alongside with gas cleaning. The study states that the information about the disposal of scrubber waste is largely limited or vague and evaluates – on the basis of a questionnaire – the availability of port reception facilities for the disposal of waste from sulphur scrubbers at major Baltic Sea ports. The paper concludes that a review of current legislature on port reception facilities is absolutely necessary and expresses the hope that the situation will improve in the wake of recent environmental regulations.Artykuł prezentuje rozwój systemów do oczyszczania spalin ze statków tzw. scrubber’ów i skalę ich stosowania przez armatorów promów i ro-ro na Bałtyku. Wskazuje także na towarzyszącą im potrzebę zagospodarowania osadu powstającego w procesie oczyszczania. W artykule podkreśla się ograniczoność informacji o sposobie zagospodarowania tych osadów, a w oparciu o wyniki przeprowadzonego badania ankietowego ukazuje stan przygotowania portów bałtyckich do ich odbioru oraz wyraża nadzieję, że sytuacja stopniowo będzie ulegać poprawie wraz z pojawianiem się nowych przepisów w zakresie ochrony środowiska. Wskazuje się także na potrzebę zmian obowiązujących przepisów dotyczących portowych urządzeń do odbioru odpadów

Recycling of merchant ships

Artykuł porusza podstawowe zagadnienia dotyczące recyklingu statków. Podkreśla z jednej strony, jak wartościowym źródłem złomu stali oraz metali nieżelaznych jest statek, z drugiej jednak wskazuje na fakt, że zawiera on szereg substancji niebezpiecznych. Ponadto, przybliża podstawowe metody złomowania statków oraz wynikające zeń problemy ekologiczne, a także podkreśla znaczenie koncepcji projektowania statku zorientowanego na recykling.The article briefly outlines the issues concerning ship recycling. It highlights ships’ high value as sources of steel scrap and non-ferrous metals, without omitting the fact that they also contain a range of hazardous substances. Moreover, the article also focuses on basic ship demolition methods and their environmental impact, as well as emphasizes the importance of “design for ship recycling” philosophy